AP HUMAN GEO
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| Reference Maps | Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
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| Thematic Maps | Maps that emphasize a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area- such as population, or income level-within a specific area
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| Formal Region | An area defined by one predominant or universal characteristic throughout its entire area, well defined boundaries
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| Functional Region | An area organized around a node or focal point, usually related to areas with common political, social, or economic purposes (related to trade, communications, transportation)
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| Vernacular/Perceptual Region | A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from people's informal sense of place such as mental maps
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| Absolute Distance | The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer
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| Relative Distance | Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places
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| Absolute Direction | Based on the cardinal points of North, South, East, and West. These appear uniformly and independently in all cultures, derived from obvious givens of nature
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| Relative Direction | An object's current location and orientation, directions such as left/right, forward/backward, and up/down are relative to an object's current orientation
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| Clustering | When objects in an area are close together
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| Dispersal | The spacing of objects in a given area
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| Elevation | The altitude of a place above sea level or ground
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| Map Projection | A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
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| Map Distortion | The alteration of the original shape, dimensions, direction of earth by transferring to 2D map
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| Geographic Information System | A computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze and display geographic data
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| Global Positioning System | A system that determines accurately the precise position of something on earth
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| Remote Sensing | A device that can gather data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long-distance methods
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| Satellite Navigation (SATNAV) | An artificial satellite used in a system that determines positions based on signals received from the satellite
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| Media Reports | articles published by newspapers or magazines
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| Travel Narrative | Writings that describe either the author's journey to a distant and alien place, or writings which discuss the customs, habits and wildlife of a distant place. Ex: "Oroonoko" and "Gullilver's Travels"
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| Policy Documents | specifies the rules, guidelines and regulations that your organization requires employees to follow
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| Personal Interviews | direct, face-to-face conversation between an interviewer and the respondent
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| Landscape Analysis | using field observation, spatial data, and aerial photography to gather data to define and describe landscapes
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| Photographic Interpret | the identification, description and measurement of objects in images, especially in aerial photographs, for geologic, cartographic or military purposes
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| Census Data | Geospatial data collected through the quantification of a population
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| Satellite Imagery | Images generated at intervals from satellites orbiting the Earth
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| Absolute Location | Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates
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| Relative Location | The position of a place in relation to another place
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| Space | A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.
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| Place | A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.
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| Pronatalist | a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception
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| Antinatalist | Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)
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| Time-Space Compression | The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation system
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| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area
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| Sustainibiilty | The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future
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| Demography | The scientific study of population characteristics
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| Ecumene | The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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| Environmental Determinism | An archaic to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities
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| Possibilism | The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
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| Syncretism | The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature
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| Site | The physical character of a place
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| Situation | The location of a place relative to another place
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| Poststructuralist geography | The study of space as the product of ideologies or value systems of ruling elites
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| Behavioral geography | The study of the psychological basis for individual human actions in space
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| Distance decay | The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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| Humanistic geography | The study of different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings
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| Total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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| Zero population growth (ZPG) | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
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| Natural increase rate (NIR) | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
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| Infant mortality rate (IMR) | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society
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| Crude birth rate (CBR) | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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| Crude death rate (CDR) | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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| Sex ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population
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| Population pyramid | A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
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| Overpopulation | A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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| Agricultural density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)
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| Arithmetic density | The total number of people divided by the total land area
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| Physiological density | The number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
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| Demographic transition | The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population
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| Epidemiologic transition | The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
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| Life expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
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| Doubling time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
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| Dependency ratio | The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
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| Elderly support ratio | The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older
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| Carrying Capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
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| Malthusian Theory | Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically
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| Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics
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| Push Factors of Immigration | reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty
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| Pull Factors of Immigration | Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($), jobs/ workers were needed, land, peace and stability, freedom to make a better life
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| Intervening Obstacle | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
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| Intervening Opportunities | The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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| Forced Migration | Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate
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| Internally Displaced Persons | someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders
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| Transnational | extending or operating across national boundaries
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| Brain Drain | the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
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| Chain Migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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| Step Migration | Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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| Guest Worker | a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
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| Circular migration | The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment
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| Interregional migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
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| Remittance | Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
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| Acculturation | The process of adjustment to the dominant culture
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| Assimilation | The process of giving up cultural traditions and adopting the social customs of the dominant culture of a place
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| Terroir | The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food taste
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| Popular culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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| Folk culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
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| Ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group
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| Cultural Landscape | the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
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| Sequent Occupancy | the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
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| traditional architecture | buildings use building materials available and reflect social/environmental customs of the people EX) log cabins
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| Postmodern Architecture | blends historical foundations with modern touches
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| Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
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| Gender | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
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| Ethnic Neighborhood | a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
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| Placemaking | The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life
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| Centripetal Force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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| Centrifugal Force | 1. economic and social forces pushing households and businesses outward from central and inner-city locations OR 2. forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of a state
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| Creole (or creolized) language | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
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| Lingua franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
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| Relocation Diffusion | the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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| Hierarchical diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
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| Expansion diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process
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| Contagious diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
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| Stimulus diffusion | The spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected
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| Cultural Convergence | The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication
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| Cultural Divergence | The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time
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| Universalizing Religion : (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism) | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
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| Ethnic Religion : (Judaism, Hinduism) | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated
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