Speech Science Exam 2- Chapters 5 and 6
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| Given a constant volume flow of air at a point of constriction, there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in the velocity of the flow of air. | Bernoulli Effect
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| Process of bringing vocal folds together to begin phonation. | Attack
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| -Cordinate adduction and onset of respiration -Should be used normally. | Simultaneous vocal attack
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| -Starting significant airflow before adducting the VFs in voiceless sounds. -Air going first and then speaking. | Breathy Vocal Attack
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| -Adduction of the VFs occurs prior to the airflow. | Glottal Attack
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| The cricoarytenoid joint is incredibly flexible. | TRUE
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| -Vocal fold adduction and abduction. -Limited sliding movement -Dominant rocking movement. | Cricoarytenoid joint
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| Within the cricothyroid joint, what does a high pitch mean for the location of cricothyroid and the VFs? | Moves forward and elongates vocal folds
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| -Rocking joint -Vocal fold elongation -Provides major adjustment for change in vocal pitch. | Cricothyroid joint
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| -What cartilage is below the thyroid? | Cricoid cartilage; ring shaped
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| Why are men's adams apples more prominent? | Womens= 120
Mens= 90
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| 3 Paired Cartilages | Arytenoinds, Corniculate, Cuneiform
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| 3 unpaired cartilages | Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis
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| Process of sound production through VF vibration | Phonation
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| What are false vocal folds called? | Ventricular
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| Space between, above, and below vocal folds | Glottis= between
Subglottal=below
Supraglottal= above
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| Epithelium layer: outer most layer or inner most layer? | Outer most layer
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| What does the Lamina Propria contain (which layers)? | 1. Superficial
2. Intermediate
3. Deep
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| What is Epithelium made out of? | Plicae
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| What is Superficial (Reinke's space) made out of? | Gelatin
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| What is the intermediate layer made out of? | Elastin
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| What is the deep layer made out of? | Collagen
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| What muscle is the inner most layer of the vocal folds? | Thyroidarytenoid muscle
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| Layers of VFs in order? | 1. Epithelium
2. Superficial
3. Intermediate
4. Deep
5. Thryoarytenoid muscle
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| What does the extrinsic muscles do to the larynx? What does this help? | Adjust and stabilize overall laryngeal position so that intrinsic muscles can exert their forces.
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| Intrinsic muscles | Interconnect cartilages
Fine control of phonation
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| What intrinsic muscle does abduction? | Posterior cricoarytenoid
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| What intrinsic muscles does adduction? | Lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse and oblique arytenoids
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| What intrinsic muscles does tensor? | Cricothyroid
Thyrovocalis
Medial portion of thyroarytenoid
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| What intrinsic muscles does relaxor? | Thyromuscularis
Lateral portion of thyroarytenoid
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| Picking up something and have bare down aspect (grunt). | Valsalva maneuver
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| -Airway protection -Stabilize upper body during movement -Phonation | Valving functions of larynx
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| Abducting the VFs out of the airstream. | Termination
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| Maintaining the VFs in place. | Sustained phonation
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| Pattern of activity that VFs undergo during a cycle of vibration. | Mode
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| VFs also tend to open from posterior to anterior | Horizontal mode of phonation
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| What is the minimum driving pressure of the VFs in modal phonation? | 3-5 H2O subglottal pressure
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| Pitch of VF vibration that is optimal for an individual | Optimal pitch
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| VFs open and close from interior to superior. | Vertical mode of phonation
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| What octave is the optimal pitch? | about 1/4 above the lowest frequency of vibration of an individual
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| Maintenance of childhood pitch despite having passed through the development stage of puberty. | Puberphonia
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| Frequency of vibration of VFs that is habitually used during speech. | Habitual pitch
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| What does habitually pitch want to be ideal to? | Optimal pitch
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| Average frequency of vibration of VFs during some sustained phonation. | Average fundamental frequency
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| Range of fundamental frequency for an individual | Pitch range
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| Muscular motion to pull VFs together | Translaryngeal pressure
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| Pressure changes in the larynx during phonation | Laryngeal opposing pressure
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| How many octaves is the pitch range? | 2-3 octaves
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| How can we change frequency/ pitch via mass? | Spreading the muscle, mucosa, and ligaments out over more distances
increases pitch
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| How can we change frequency/ pitch via tension? | Stretch them tighter or relax them
stretch= pitch increases
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| How can we change frequency/ pitch via length? | Elongation is what really affects tension and mass
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| Differences in mode of vibration of VFs. | Register
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| Extremely low in pitch and sounds rough | Pulse
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| Pattern of phonation used in daily conversation. | Modal register
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| -Vibration is faster (greater frequency) for higher pitch. -They make contact only briefly. | Loft
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| -Medial compression is greatly increased. | Pressed phonation
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| VFs are inadequately approximated | Breathy voice
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| -No voice -VFs are partiallly adducted to produce some turbulence in airstream. | Whispering
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| -Opening phase: 50% -Closing phase: 37% -Closed- 13% | Normal conversation glottal cycle
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| -Useful to understand VF vibration in relation to different voice types. -Shows proportion of a cycle the folds are open. | Glottogram
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| -Opening: 33% -Closing: 37% -Closed: 30% | Increased intensity glottal cycle
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| -Jitter -Range in around .2% to 1% -High jitter value indicates that something might be interfering with normal VF vibration. | Frequency perturbation
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| -through nasal cavity -Hangs right above larynx -Allows for many different speech sounds and swallowing | Flexible laryngoscopy
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| -Lowest frequency of a complex sound. -Same as the first harmonic | Fundamental frequency
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| -Special mask used to determine airflow measurements for glottal opening. -Big opening= more airflow -No opening= no airflow | Inverse filter
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| -Through mouth- pulls tongue forward. -Most direct view of larynx -No swallowing or certain speech sounds. | Rigid laryngoscopy
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| -Amplitude measured by sound pressure level. -Physical measure of power or pressure ratios | Intensity
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| -Air pressure changes -Opening phase and closing phase -Closed phase | Glottal cycle
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| -High speed camera -Movie of vibrating VFs. | Cinematography
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| -Amplitude variability -Flucuating in amplitude | Shimmer
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| -Perceptual correlate of intensity -What we hear and understand | Loudness
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| -Abnormal voice qualitites -Voices that sound deviant in terms of tone, pitch, and/or loudness. | Dysphonia
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| Timing variability between cycles of vibration -Flucuation in intensity | Jitter
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| -Uses a light source on one side of VFs and photos of the other side of the VFs -Glottogram | Photoglottography
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| -Calculated by changes in amplitude over several sound waves with the VFs vibration. -Above 3% can indicate something pathological -Measure in amplitude irregularities over time. | Intensity perturbation of shimmer
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| Maximum performance task Assess integrity of phonatory glottal closure More than 1.4 is abnormal | S/Z ratio
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| -Amount of time someone can sustain a sound. -Measures phonatory glottal closure and breath support. | Maximum phonation time
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| Time in seconds for a predetermined amount of syllables. | Diadochokinesis
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| "phuphuphuphu" -Average 5-7 per second. | Alternating motion rate
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| /buttercup/ average 5-7 per second | Sequential motion rate
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