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Speech Science Exam
Speech Science Exam 2- Chapters 5 and 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Given a constant volume flow of air at a point of constriction, there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in the velocity of the flow of air. | Bernoulli Effect |
| Process of bringing vocal folds together to begin phonation. | Attack |
| -Cordinate adduction and onset of respiration -Should be used normally. | Simultaneous vocal attack |
| -Starting significant airflow before adducting the VFs in voiceless sounds. -Air going first and then speaking. | Breathy Vocal Attack |
| -Adduction of the VFs occurs prior to the airflow. | Glottal Attack |
| The cricoarytenoid joint is incredibly flexible. | TRUE |
| -Vocal fold adduction and abduction. -Limited sliding movement -Dominant rocking movement. | Cricoarytenoid joint |
| Within the cricothyroid joint, what does a high pitch mean for the location of cricothyroid and the VFs? | Moves forward and elongates vocal folds |
| -Rocking joint -Vocal fold elongation -Provides major adjustment for change in vocal pitch. | Cricothyroid joint |
| -What cartilage is below the thyroid? | Cricoid cartilage; ring shaped |
| Why are men's adams apples more prominent? | Womens= 120 Mens= 90 |
| 3 Paired Cartilages | Arytenoinds, Corniculate, Cuneiform |
| 3 unpaired cartilages | Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis |
| Process of sound production through VF vibration | Phonation |
| What are false vocal folds called? | Ventricular |
| Space between, above, and below vocal folds | Glottis= between Subglottal=below Supraglottal= above |
| Epithelium layer: outer most layer or inner most layer? | Outer most layer |
| What does the Lamina Propria contain (which layers)? | 1. Superficial 2. Intermediate 3. Deep |
| What is Epithelium made out of? | Plicae |
| What is Superficial (Reinke's space) made out of? | Gelatin |
| What is the intermediate layer made out of? | Elastin |
| What is the deep layer made out of? | Collagen |
| What muscle is the inner most layer of the vocal folds? | Thyroidarytenoid muscle |
| Layers of VFs in order? | 1. Epithelium 2. Superficial 3. Intermediate 4. Deep 5. Thryoarytenoid muscle |
| What does the extrinsic muscles do to the larynx? What does this help? | Adjust and stabilize overall laryngeal position so that intrinsic muscles can exert their forces. |
| Intrinsic muscles | Interconnect cartilages Fine control of phonation |
| What intrinsic muscle does abduction? | Posterior cricoarytenoid |
| What intrinsic muscles does adduction? | Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse and oblique arytenoids |
| What intrinsic muscles does tensor? | Cricothyroid Thyrovocalis Medial portion of thyroarytenoid |
| What intrinsic muscles does relaxor? | Thyromuscularis Lateral portion of thyroarytenoid |
| Picking up something and have bare down aspect (grunt). | Valsalva maneuver |
| -Airway protection -Stabilize upper body during movement -Phonation | Valving functions of larynx |
| Abducting the VFs out of the airstream. | Termination |
| Maintaining the VFs in place. | Sustained phonation |
| Pattern of activity that VFs undergo during a cycle of vibration. | Mode |
| VFs also tend to open from posterior to anterior | Horizontal mode of phonation |
| What is the minimum driving pressure of the VFs in modal phonation? | 3-5 H2O subglottal pressure |
| Pitch of VF vibration that is optimal for an individual | Optimal pitch |
| VFs open and close from interior to superior. | Vertical mode of phonation |
| What octave is the optimal pitch? | about 1/4 above the lowest frequency of vibration of an individual |
| Maintenance of childhood pitch despite having passed through the development stage of puberty. | Puberphonia |
| Frequency of vibration of VFs that is habitually used during speech. | Habitual pitch |
| What does habitually pitch want to be ideal to? | Optimal pitch |
| Average frequency of vibration of VFs during some sustained phonation. | Average fundamental frequency |
| Range of fundamental frequency for an individual | Pitch range |
| Muscular motion to pull VFs together | Translaryngeal pressure |
| Pressure changes in the larynx during phonation | Laryngeal opposing pressure |
| How many octaves is the pitch range? | 2-3 octaves |
| How can we change frequency/ pitch via mass? | Spreading the muscle, mucosa, and ligaments out over more distances increases pitch |
| How can we change frequency/ pitch via tension? | Stretch them tighter or relax them stretch= pitch increases |
| How can we change frequency/ pitch via length? | Elongation is what really affects tension and mass |
| Differences in mode of vibration of VFs. | Register |
| Extremely low in pitch and sounds rough | Pulse |
| Pattern of phonation used in daily conversation. | Modal register |
| -Vibration is faster (greater frequency) for higher pitch. -They make contact only briefly. | Loft |
| -Medial compression is greatly increased. | Pressed phonation |
| VFs are inadequately approximated | Breathy voice |
| -No voice -VFs are partiallly adducted to produce some turbulence in airstream. | Whispering |
| -Opening phase: 50% -Closing phase: 37% -Closed- 13% | Normal conversation glottal cycle |
| -Useful to understand VF vibration in relation to different voice types. -Shows proportion of a cycle the folds are open. | Glottogram |
| -Opening: 33% -Closing: 37% -Closed: 30% | Increased intensity glottal cycle |
| -Jitter -Range in around .2% to 1% -High jitter value indicates that something might be interfering with normal VF vibration. | Frequency perturbation |
| -through nasal cavity -Hangs right above larynx -Allows for many different speech sounds and swallowing | Flexible laryngoscopy |
| -Lowest frequency of a complex sound. -Same as the first harmonic | Fundamental frequency |
| -Special mask used to determine airflow measurements for glottal opening. -Big opening= more airflow -No opening= no airflow | Inverse filter |
| -Through mouth- pulls tongue forward. -Most direct view of larynx -No swallowing or certain speech sounds. | Rigid laryngoscopy |
| -Amplitude measured by sound pressure level. -Physical measure of power or pressure ratios | Intensity |
| -Air pressure changes -Opening phase and closing phase -Closed phase | Glottal cycle |
| -High speed camera -Movie of vibrating VFs. | Cinematography |
| -Amplitude variability -Flucuating in amplitude | Shimmer |
| -Perceptual correlate of intensity -What we hear and understand | Loudness |
| -Abnormal voice qualitites -Voices that sound deviant in terms of tone, pitch, and/or loudness. | Dysphonia |
| Timing variability between cycles of vibration -Flucuation in intensity | Jitter |
| -Uses a light source on one side of VFs and photos of the other side of the VFs -Glottogram | Photoglottography |
| -Calculated by changes in amplitude over several sound waves with the VFs vibration. -Above 3% can indicate something pathological -Measure in amplitude irregularities over time. | Intensity perturbation of shimmer |
| Maximum performance task Assess integrity of phonatory glottal closure More than 1.4 is abnormal | S/Z ratio |
| -Amount of time someone can sustain a sound. -Measures phonatory glottal closure and breath support. | Maximum phonation time |
| Time in seconds for a predetermined amount of syllables. | Diadochokinesis |
| "phuphuphuphu" -Average 5-7 per second. | Alternating motion rate |
| /buttercup/ average 5-7 per second | Sequential motion rate |
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