AP HuG Unit 2 2022
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| Population Distribution | the pattern of human settlement/the spread of people across the earth
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| Population Density | the measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of area
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| Midlatitudes | the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south of the equator
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| Social Stratification | the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power or ethnicity.
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| Arithmetic Population Density | The ratio of a regions population to its area
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| Physiological Population Density | The ration of a region's population divided by its arable land
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| Arable Land | Land suitable for farming
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| Agricultural Population Density | The numbers of farmers to an area of arable land
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| Overpopulation | When a region has more people than it can support
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| Carrying capacity | The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
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| Infrastructure | the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities such as sewer systems, roads, bridges and electrical grids.
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| Age Sex Composition graph/Population Pyramid | Vertical Axis - shows age groups/cohorts - often listed in the middle or left/right.
Horizontal Axis - Shows percentages or numbers
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| Birth Deficit | A decrease in the number of children born in a time period sometimes caused by political instability,famine or war.
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| Baby Boom | When hostilities end and peace resumes, the birth rate spikes
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| Baby Bust | When the boom ends, and birth rates are low for a number of years
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| Echo | part of the pyramid that reflects an earlier baby boom
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| Potential Workforce | The part of the population that is between 15-64, the potential labor force
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| Dependent Population | People below 15 or older than 64 that cannot work full time - rely on the workforce to economically support them
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| demographic balancing equation | Future population = Current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants)
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| Immigrants | People who move into a country
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| Emigrants | people who move out of a country
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| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | Number of live births per year for every 1000 people
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| Total Fertility Rate | The average number of children who would be born per women of the 15-49 age group in that country.
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| Life Expectancy | `The average number of years a person in that region lives
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| Infant Mortality Rate | The number of children who die before their first birthday
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| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | The number of deaths per year for every 1000 people
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| Rate of Natural Increase | The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining without the impact of migration calculated by RNI= (CBR - CDR) / 10 with a percentage sign.
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| Population Doubling Time | How long is takes a country's population to double. If the growth rate stays the same, the average population doubling time is 70 years divided by the growth rate.
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| Demographic Transition Model | shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize
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| Epidemiological Transition Model | explains the changing death rates and the most common causes of death in a society
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| The Malthusian Theory | Food production will increase arithmetically while population growth would increase exponentially and the world's population would soon be unsupportable
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| Boserup Theory | Suggests that the more mouths there are to feed, the more hands there are to work. Likewise, as the population grows, more pressure is placed on the agricultural sector, and it will be forced to innovate and produce more food
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| Neo Malthusians | They argue that population growth is a serious problem and will become an even bigger problem in the future - believe that the increased population will lead to a depletion of nonrenewable resources such as natural gases, petroleum and minerals.
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| Antinatalist Policies | Policies designed to decrease the number of births in a country ex China's one child policy
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| Pronatalist Policies | Policies designed to increase the fertility rate often in countries that are in stage 4 or 5 of the DTM and are seeing decreased amounts of children being born
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| Migration | Permanent or Semi permanent relocation of people from one place to another
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| Voluntary Migration | A movement made by choice
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| Push Factors | Negative circumstances, events or conditions present that compels a person to leave that environment
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| Immigrant | A person who migrates across an international border with the intention to stay permanently
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| Emigrant | when people migrate away from the country
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| Migration Transition Model ex Zelinsky's Theory | Countries in Stage 2 and 3 of the DTM experience overcrowding that cause high unemployment and lack of economic opportunity so young people migrate to less crowded Stage 4 and Stage 5 which offer economic opportunities due to a declining youth population
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| Intervening Obstacles | Barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult
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| Intervening Opportunities | Opportunities that emerge and disrupt a migrant's original migration plan.
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| Distance Decay | The farther apart things are, the less likely people are to migrate between them
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| Gravity Model of Migration | The size and distance between two cities or countries will effect the amount of interaction such as migration,travel or economic activity. Larger population = more pull for migrants but increase distance = less pull
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| Step Migration | When migrants reach their final destination through a series of small moves
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| Rural to Urban Migration | When rural workers arent' need so people move to big countries for work
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| Counter migration | Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
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| Return Migration | Immigrants that move back to their former home
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| Forced Migration | migration that are involuntary and migrants have no choice but to move often cause by
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| Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) | People who migrate to another part of the country to escape conflict/natural disaster and other push factors
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| Refugees | DPs that cross a national border
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| Asylum | Protection granted to a person who is an immigrant from another country that fears harm or death if they were to return
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| Transnational Migration | when people move from one country to another/internationally
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| Guest workers | Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally
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| Chain Migration | When people migrate to an area because they have family member or community members that live in that area.
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| Transhumance | When animal herders move with their animals throughout the seasons.
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| Guest - Worker Policies | These regulate the number of immigrant workers that may come into the country and work in a specified field for a defined amount of time
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| Family Reunification | Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country
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| Xenophobia | a strong dislike of people from another country
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| Remittances | money sent to immigrants family and friends in the country they left
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| Brain Drain | When people that are high skilled or educated leave their home country and go to a more developed country decreasing the innovation and new ideas that occur in that country
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| Ethnic Enclaves | neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic groups
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