Skeletal System
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| bones have many functions including | support movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production
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| bones are groups according to their | shape
long, short, flat, irregular
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| The shaft of the bone is called the | Diaphysis
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| Metaphysis | The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis , widening part
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| Expect for the articular cartilage a bone is covered by a | periosteum
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| Bone that has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps | Compact bone
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| Spongy bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called | trabeculae
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| diaphysis | bone shaft
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| Osteocytes | are in bony chambers called lacunae
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| epiphysis | expanded end
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| articular cartilage | covers epiphysis
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| medullary cavity | hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow
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| endosteum | Lines spaces, cavity
thin layer
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| lamellae | mineralized matrix arranged in concentric circles around central canal
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| red marrow | functions in formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets
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| hemoglobin | oxygen carrying pigment that gives it red color
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| yellow marrow | stores fat
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| intercellular matrix is | rich in calcium salt (calcium phosphate)
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| when calcium in blood is low | osteoclasts break down bone tissue releasing calcium into blood
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| Lacunae | Chambers occupied by osteocytes
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| Canaliculi | Tiny passageways through which the cell processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes
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| The extracellular matrix of bone is largely | collagen fibers and inorganic salts:
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| Collagen gives bone | resilience
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| Inorganic salts make | bone hard
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| Compact Bone: Consists of cylindrical units called | osteons
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| Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways | Size
Shape
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| Bones are similar in these features | Structure
Development
Function
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| Long Bones | Long and narrow
Have expanded ends
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| Short Bones | Cube-like, length = width
Include sesamoid (round) bones, which are embedded in tendons
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| mature bones are called | Osteocytes
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| where would you find Endosteum | lining the medullary cavity
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| What is the name for the expanded regions at the ends of long bones | Epiphyses
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| Osteomalacia is a condition caused by inadequate amounts of Vitamin D, leading to improper absorption of calcium | True
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| which of the following would be closet to the diaphysis of a long bone | Zone of calcified cartilage
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| most long bones of the human body are formed by intramembranous ossiofication | False
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| blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of the bones, a process known as | Hematopoiesis
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| which cells participate in the process of bone deposition | Osteoblasts
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| within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively diving cartilage cells in their lacunae | Zone of Proliferation
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| what tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification | Hyaline Cartilage
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| The parietal bone is an example of a _________bone | flat
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| Axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
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| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs and girdles
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| things stored in the bones | fat, calcium, phosphorus
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| compact bone | dense, smooth looking bone
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| spongy bone | bone composed of small, needlelike pieces, lots of space
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| Flat Bones | Plate-like, with broad surfaces
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| Irregular Bones | Variety of shapes
Most are connected to several other bones
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| Periosteum | : encloses bone; dense connective tissue
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| Compact (cortical) bone | : wall of diaphysis
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| Spongy (cancellous) bone | makes up epiphyses
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| Trabeculae | branching bony plates, make up spongy bone
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| Bone marrow | Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces
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| Osteons and layers of matrix | lamellae, cluster around central canal in each osteon
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| Spongy Bone: Consists of branching plates called | trabeculae
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| Bones provide shape for | for head, face, thorax, limbs
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| Bones support body weight | bones of lower limbs, pelvis, vertebral column)
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| Skull bones protect | brain, ears, eyes
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| Bones of rib cage | shoulder girdle protect heart, lungs
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| Bones of pelvic girdle protect | internal reproductive organs, lower abdominal organs
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| Bones and muscles provide | movement
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| Hematopoiesis | : Blood cell formation
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| Blood cell production occurs in | red bone marrow
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| Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are | produced in red bone marrow
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| With age, some red bone marrow is replaced by | yellow bone marrow, which stores fat, but does not produce blood cells
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| Red marrow remains in adult | in skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones
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| Bone marrow transplants are used to treat | a variety of conditions
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| About 70% of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts Most abundant salt is crystals of | hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
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| Osteoporosis | a condition that results from loss of bone mineralization
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| Since calcium is vital in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction, blood calcium level is regulated by | Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin
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| Bony structures | continue to grow and develop into adulthood
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| Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in one of two ways | Intramembranous bones
Endochondral bones
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| Intramembranous Ossification | Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum and some facial bones
Bones form between sheets of primitive connective tissue
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| Endochondral Ossification | Long bones and most of skeleton
Bones form from hyaline cartilage models
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| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Hereditary collagen defect, in which forming bones are brittle, and fetus may have many bone fractures
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| Intramembranous Bones | Originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue.
Broad, flat bones, such as flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic)
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| Mesenchymal cells in primitive tissue differentiate | into osteoblasts
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| Osteoblasts | bone-forming cells that deposit bone matrix around themselves
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| When osteoblasts are completely surrounded by matrix | , they are now osteocytes in lacunae
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| Mesenchyme on outside forms | periosteum
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| Endochondral Bones | Begin as masses of hyaline cartilage
Most bones of the skeleton, such as femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae.
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| Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) enlarge | lacunae grow
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| Matrix breaks down | , chondrocytes die
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| Osteoblasts invade area | deposit bone matrix
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| Osteoblasts form | spongy and then compact bone
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| Once encased by matrix | osteoblasts are now osteocytes
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| Primary ossification center | Area in center of diaphysis, where bone tissue first replaces cartilage
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| Secondary ossification centers | Area of the epiphyses, where spongy bone forms later in development
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| Epiphyseal plate | Band of cartilage that persists between the ossification centers
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| In a growing long bone, diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by | Epiphyseal Plate. Region at which bone grows in length.
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| Zone of resting cartilage | Layer closest to end of epiphysis
Resting cells; anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
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| Zone of proliferating cartilage | Rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis
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| Zone of hypertrophic cartilage | Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear; thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone
Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) die
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| Zone of calcified cartilage |
Thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix
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| Osteoclasts | break down calcified matrix
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| Bone can thicken by | depositing compact bone on outside, under periosteum
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| Bone remodeling | occurs throughout life
Opposing processes of deposition and resorption occur on surfaces of endosteum and periosteum
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| Bone Resorption | Removal of bone by osteoclasts
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| Bone Deposition | : Formation of bone by osteoblasts
10% to 20% of skeleton is replaced each year
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| Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise all affect bone | development, growth, and repair
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| Vitamin D | : calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia
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| Vitamin A | osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency retards bone development
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| Vitamin C | collagen synthesis; deficiency results in slender, fragile bones
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| Growth Hormone | stimulates cartilage cell division
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| Insufficiency in a child can result in | in pituitary dwarfism
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| Excess causes gigantism in child | , acromegaly in adult
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| Thyroid Hormone | Causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity
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| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): | Stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown
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| Sex Hormones (estrogen, testosterone | Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
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| Physical Stress | Stimulates bone growth
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| Traumatic | Fracture caused by injury
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| Spontaneous or pathologic | Fracture caused by disease
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| Simple (closed | Fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane)
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| Compound (open | Fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane).
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| Hematoma | Large blood clot; forms right after the fracture occurs
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| Cartilaginous (soft) callus | Osteoblasts invade and produce spongy bone, phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage is produced
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| Bony (hard) callus | Cartilaginous callus breaks down, osteoblasts invade, hard callus now fills space
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| Remodeling | Bone restored close to original shape, as osteoclasts remove excess bone
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| Fragility Fracture | Fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height; a sign of low bone density
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| osteopenia | bone loss
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| All living things are made of________ | cells
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| cells WITHOUT a nucleus or organelles surrounded by membrane | Prokaroytes
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| cells WITH a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane | Eukaroytes
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| cell membranes are mainly made up of_________and___________ | phospolipids, protein
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| lipid tails are hydrophobic and the head is________________ | hydrophilic
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| Proteins that stick on the surface (either inside or outside of cell) | Periphearl
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| Proteins that stick Into membrane (can go part in or all the way through) | integral
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| help move substances across the cell membrane | transport Proteins
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| Between nucleus and the cell membrane | cytoplasm
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| small structure with a specific job- suspended in a gel-like goo | organelles
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| True or false: Cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis. | True
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| What is the primary site of cellular respiration? | Mitochondria
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| A _________ is transferred from ADP to ATP. | phosphate group
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| What occurs during the energy-investment step of glycolysis? | ATP is broken down to ADP.
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| During glycolysis, a net of _____ ATP are produced. | 2
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| What happens to the oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain? | Forms water
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| One molecule of glucose will produce a maximum of____ ATP during aerobic respiration. | 38
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| What is the location of the citric acid cycle? | Matrix
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| True or false: FAD is an electron carrier that accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions, resulting in FADH2. | True
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| True or false: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. | true
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| True or false: The process of cellular respiration is concerned with the production of ADP. | False
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| The membranous folds that extend into the matrix of a mitochondrion are called | cristae
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| True or false: Electrons from the coenzymes are pumped by components of the electron transport chain into the space between the mitochondrial membranes. | false
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| Transition (Preparatory) Reaction Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | Occurs in matrix
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| Electron Transport system | occurs on the cristae
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| Which of the following is not a product or reactant of glycolysis? | oxygen
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