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A&P CHAPTER 7

Skeletal System

Question	Answer
bones have many functions including	support movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production
bones are groups according to their	shape long, short, flat, irregular
The shaft of the bone is called the	Diaphysis
Metaphysis	The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis , widening part
Expect for the articular cartilage a bone is covered by a	periosteum
Bone that has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps	Compact bone
Spongy bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called	trabeculae
diaphysis	bone shaft
Osteocytes	are in bony chambers called lacunae
epiphysis	expanded end
articular cartilage	covers epiphysis
medullary cavity	hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow
endosteum	Lines spaces, cavity thin layer
Osteocytes	mature bone cells
lamellae	mineralized matrix arranged in concentric circles around central canal
red marrow	functions in formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets
hemoglobin	oxygen carrying pigment that gives it red color
yellow marrow	stores fat
intercellular matrix is	rich in calcium salt (calcium phosphate)
when calcium in blood is low	osteoclasts break down bone tissue releasing calcium into blood
Lacunae	Chambers occupied by osteocytes
Canaliculi	Tiny passageways through which the cell processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes
The extracellular matrix of bone is largely	collagen fibers and inorganic salts:
Collagen gives bone	resilience
Inorganic salts make	bone hard
Compact Bone: Consists of cylindrical units called	osteons
Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways	Size Shape
Bones are similar in these features	Structure Development Function
Long Bones	Long and narrow Have expanded ends
Short Bones	Cube-like, length = width Include sesamoid (round) bones, which are embedded in tendons
mature bones are called	Osteocytes
where would you find Endosteum	lining the medullary cavity
What is the name for the expanded regions at the ends of long bones	Epiphyses
Osteomalacia is a condition caused by inadequate amounts of Vitamin D, leading to improper absorption of calcium	True
which of the following would be closet to the diaphysis of a long bone	Zone of calcified cartilage
most long bones of the human body are formed by intramembranous ossiofication	False
blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of the bones, a process known as	Hematopoiesis
which cells participate in the process of bone deposition	Osteoblasts
within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively diving cartilage cells in their lacunae	Zone of Proliferation
what tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification	Hyaline Cartilage
The parietal bone is an example of a _________bone	flat
Axial skeleton	skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
appendicular skeleton	bones of the limbs and girdles
things stored in the bones	fat, calcium, phosphorus
compact bone	dense, smooth looking bone
spongy bone	bone composed of small, needlelike pieces, lots of space
Flat Bones	Plate-like, with broad surfaces
Irregular Bones	Variety of shapes Most are connected to several other bones
Periosteum	: encloses bone; dense connective tissue
Compact (cortical) bone	: wall of diaphysis
Spongy (cancellous) bone	makes up epiphyses
Trabeculae	branching bony plates, make up spongy bone
Bone marrow	Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces
Osteons and layers of matrix	lamellae, cluster around central canal in each osteon
Spongy Bone: Consists of branching plates called	trabeculae
Bones provide shape for	for head, face, thorax, limbs
Bones support body weight	bones of lower limbs, pelvis, vertebral column)
Skull bones protect	brain, ears, eyes
Bones of rib cage	shoulder girdle protect heart, lungs
Bones of pelvic girdle protect	internal reproductive organs, lower abdominal organs
Bones and muscles provide	movement
Hematopoiesis	: Blood cell formation
Blood cell production occurs in	red bone marrow
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are	produced in red bone marrow
With age, some red bone marrow is replaced by	yellow bone marrow, which stores fat, but does not produce blood cells
Red marrow remains in adult	in skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones
Bone marrow transplants are used to treat	a variety of conditions
About 70% of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts Most abundant salt is crystals of	hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
Osteoporosis	a condition that results from loss of bone mineralization
Since calcium is vital in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction, blood calcium level is regulated by	Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin
Bony structures	continue to grow and develop into adulthood
Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in one of two ways	Intramembranous bones Endochondral bones
Intramembranous Ossification	Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum and some facial bones Bones form between sheets of primitive connective tissue
Endochondral Ossification	Long bones and most of skeleton Bones form from hyaline cartilage models
Osteogenesis imperfecta	Hereditary collagen defect, in which forming bones are brittle, and fetus may have many bone fractures
Intramembranous Bones	Originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue. Broad, flat bones, such as flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic)
Mesenchymal cells in primitive tissue differentiate	into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts	bone-forming cells that deposit bone matrix around themselves
When osteoblasts are completely surrounded by matrix	, they are now osteocytes in lacunae
Mesenchyme on outside forms	periosteum
Endochondral Bones	Begin as masses of hyaline cartilage Most bones of the skeleton, such as femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae.
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) enlarge	lacunae grow
Matrix breaks down	, chondrocytes die
Osteoblasts invade area	deposit bone matrix
Osteoblasts form	spongy and then compact bone
Once encased by matrix	osteoblasts are now osteocytes
Primary ossification center	Area in center of diaphysis, where bone tissue first replaces cartilage
Secondary ossification centers	Area of the epiphyses, where spongy bone forms later in development
Epiphyseal plate	Band of cartilage that persists between the ossification centers
In a growing long bone, diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by	Epiphyseal Plate. Region at which bone grows in length.
Zone of resting cartilage	Layer closest to end of epiphysis Resting cells; anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
Zone of proliferating cartilage	Rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage	Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear; thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) die
Zone of calcified cartilage	Thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix
Osteoclasts	break down calcified matrix
Bone can thicken by	depositing compact bone on outside, under periosteum
Bone remodeling	occurs throughout life Opposing processes of deposition and resorption occur on surfaces of endosteum and periosteum
Bone Resorption	Removal of bone by osteoclasts
Bone Deposition	: Formation of bone by osteoblasts 10% to 20% of skeleton is replaced each year
Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise all affect bone	development, growth, and repair
Vitamin D	: calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia
Vitamin A	osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency retards bone development
Vitamin C	collagen synthesis; deficiency results in slender, fragile bones
Growth Hormone	stimulates cartilage cell division
Insufficiency in a child can result in	in pituitary dwarfism
Excess causes gigantism in child	, acromegaly in adult
Thyroid Hormone	Causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):	Stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown
Sex Hormones (estrogen, testosterone	Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
Physical Stress	Stimulates bone growth
Traumatic	Fracture caused by injury
Spontaneous or pathologic	Fracture caused by disease
Simple (closed	Fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane)
Compound (open	Fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane).
Hematoma	Large blood clot; forms right after the fracture occurs
Cartilaginous (soft) callus	Osteoblasts invade and produce spongy bone, phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage is produced
Bony (hard) callus	Cartilaginous callus breaks down, osteoblasts invade, hard callus now fills space
Remodeling	Bone restored close to original shape, as osteoclasts remove excess bone
Fragility Fracture	Fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height; a sign of low bone density
osteopenia	bone loss
All living things are made of________	cells
cells WITHOUT a nucleus or organelles surrounded by membrane	Prokaroytes
cells WITH a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane	Eukaroytes
cell membranes are mainly made up of_________and___________	phospolipids, protein
lipid tails are hydrophobic and the head is________________	hydrophilic
Proteins that stick on the surface (either inside or outside of cell)	Periphearl
Proteins that stick Into membrane (can go part in or all the way through)	integral
help move substances across the cell membrane	transport Proteins
Between nucleus and the cell membrane	cytoplasm
small structure with a specific job- suspended in a gel-like goo	organelles
True or false: Cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis.	True
What is the primary site of cellular respiration?	Mitochondria
A _________ is transferred from ADP to ATP.	phosphate group
What occurs during the energy-investment step of glycolysis?	ATP is broken down to ADP.
During glycolysis, a net of _____ ATP are produced.	2
What happens to the oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain?	Forms water
One molecule of glucose will produce a maximum of____ ATP during aerobic respiration.	38
What is the location of the citric acid cycle?	Matrix
True or false: FAD is an electron carrier that accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions, resulting in FADH2.	True
True or false: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.	true
True or false: The process of cellular respiration is concerned with the production of ADP.	False
The membranous folds that extend into the matrix of a mitochondrion are called	cristae
True or false: Electrons from the coenzymes are pumped by components of the electron transport chain into the space between the mitochondrial membranes.	false
Transition (Preparatory) Reaction Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)	Occurs in matrix
Electron Transport system	occurs on the cristae
Which of the following is not a product or reactant of glycolysis?	oxygen

Created by: yanise2006

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