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A&P CHAPTER 7
Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bones have many functions including | support movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production |
| bones are groups according to their | shape long, short, flat, irregular |
| The shaft of the bone is called the | Diaphysis |
| Metaphysis | The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis , widening part |
| Expect for the articular cartilage a bone is covered by a | periosteum |
| Bone that has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps | Compact bone |
| Spongy bone has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called | trabeculae |
| diaphysis | bone shaft |
| Osteocytes | are in bony chambers called lacunae |
| epiphysis | expanded end |
| articular cartilage | covers epiphysis |
| medullary cavity | hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow |
| endosteum | Lines spaces, cavity thin layer |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| lamellae | mineralized matrix arranged in concentric circles around central canal |
| red marrow | functions in formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets |
| hemoglobin | oxygen carrying pigment that gives it red color |
| yellow marrow | stores fat |
| intercellular matrix is | rich in calcium salt (calcium phosphate) |
| when calcium in blood is low | osteoclasts break down bone tissue releasing calcium into blood |
| Lacunae | Chambers occupied by osteocytes |
| Canaliculi | Tiny passageways through which the cell processes of osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes |
| The extracellular matrix of bone is largely | collagen fibers and inorganic salts: |
| Collagen gives bone | resilience |
| Inorganic salts make | bone hard |
| Compact Bone: Consists of cylindrical units called | osteons |
| Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways | Size Shape |
| Bones are similar in these features | Structure Development Function |
| Long Bones | Long and narrow Have expanded ends |
| Short Bones | Cube-like, length = width Include sesamoid (round) bones, which are embedded in tendons |
| mature bones are called | Osteocytes |
| where would you find Endosteum | lining the medullary cavity |
| What is the name for the expanded regions at the ends of long bones | Epiphyses |
| Osteomalacia is a condition caused by inadequate amounts of Vitamin D, leading to improper absorption of calcium | True |
| which of the following would be closet to the diaphysis of a long bone | Zone of calcified cartilage |
| most long bones of the human body are formed by intramembranous ossiofication | False |
| blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of the bones, a process known as | Hematopoiesis |
| which cells participate in the process of bone deposition | Osteoblasts |
| within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively diving cartilage cells in their lacunae | Zone of Proliferation |
| what tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification | Hyaline Cartilage |
| The parietal bone is an example of a _________bone | flat |
| Axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, bony thorax |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the limbs and girdles |
| things stored in the bones | fat, calcium, phosphorus |
| compact bone | dense, smooth looking bone |
| spongy bone | bone composed of small, needlelike pieces, lots of space |
| Flat Bones | Plate-like, with broad surfaces |
| Irregular Bones | Variety of shapes Most are connected to several other bones |
| Periosteum | : encloses bone; dense connective tissue |
| Compact (cortical) bone | : wall of diaphysis |
| Spongy (cancellous) bone | makes up epiphyses |
| Trabeculae | branching bony plates, make up spongy bone |
| Bone marrow | Red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces |
| Osteons and layers of matrix | lamellae, cluster around central canal in each osteon |
| Spongy Bone: Consists of branching plates called | trabeculae |
| Bones provide shape for | for head, face, thorax, limbs |
| Bones support body weight | bones of lower limbs, pelvis, vertebral column) |
| Skull bones protect | brain, ears, eyes |
| Bones of rib cage | shoulder girdle protect heart, lungs |
| Bones of pelvic girdle protect | internal reproductive organs, lower abdominal organs |
| Bones and muscles provide | movement |
| Hematopoiesis | : Blood cell formation |
| Blood cell production occurs in | red bone marrow |
| Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are | produced in red bone marrow |
| With age, some red bone marrow is replaced by | yellow bone marrow, which stores fat, but does not produce blood cells |
| Red marrow remains in adult | in skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones |
| Bone marrow transplants are used to treat | a variety of conditions |
| About 70% of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts Most abundant salt is crystals of | hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) |
| Osteoporosis | a condition that results from loss of bone mineralization |
| Since calcium is vital in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction, blood calcium level is regulated by | Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin |
| Bony structures | continue to grow and develop into adulthood |
| Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in one of two ways | Intramembranous bones Endochondral bones |
| Intramembranous Ossification | Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum and some facial bones Bones form between sheets of primitive connective tissue |
| Endochondral Ossification | Long bones and most of skeleton Bones form from hyaline cartilage models |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | Hereditary collagen defect, in which forming bones are brittle, and fetus may have many bone fractures |
| Intramembranous Bones | Originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue. Broad, flat bones, such as flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic) |
| Mesenchymal cells in primitive tissue differentiate | into osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts | bone-forming cells that deposit bone matrix around themselves |
| When osteoblasts are completely surrounded by matrix | , they are now osteocytes in lacunae |
| Mesenchyme on outside forms | periosteum |
| Endochondral Bones | Begin as masses of hyaline cartilage Most bones of the skeleton, such as femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae. |
| Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) enlarge | lacunae grow |
| Matrix breaks down | , chondrocytes die |
| Osteoblasts invade area | deposit bone matrix |
| Osteoblasts form | spongy and then compact bone |
| Once encased by matrix | osteoblasts are now osteocytes |
| Primary ossification center | Area in center of diaphysis, where bone tissue first replaces cartilage |
| Secondary ossification centers | Area of the epiphyses, where spongy bone forms later in development |
| Epiphyseal plate | Band of cartilage that persists between the ossification centers |
| In a growing long bone, diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by | Epiphyseal Plate. Region at which bone grows in length. |
| Zone of resting cartilage | Layer closest to end of epiphysis Resting cells; anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis |
| Zone of proliferating cartilage | Rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis |
| Zone of hypertrophic cartilage | Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear; thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) die |
| Zone of calcified cartilage | Thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix |
| Osteoclasts | break down calcified matrix |
| Bone can thicken by | depositing compact bone on outside, under periosteum |
| Bone remodeling | occurs throughout life Opposing processes of deposition and resorption occur on surfaces of endosteum and periosteum |
| Bone Resorption | Removal of bone by osteoclasts |
| Bone Deposition | : Formation of bone by osteoblasts 10% to 20% of skeleton is replaced each year |
| Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise all affect bone | development, growth, and repair |
| Vitamin D | : calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia |
| Vitamin A | osteoblast and osteoclast activity; deficiency retards bone development |
| Vitamin C | collagen synthesis; deficiency results in slender, fragile bones |
| Growth Hormone | stimulates cartilage cell division |
| Insufficiency in a child can result in | in pituitary dwarfism |
| Excess causes gigantism in child | , acromegaly in adult |
| Thyroid Hormone | Causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): | Stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown |
| Sex Hormones (estrogen, testosterone | Promote bone formation; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates |
| Physical Stress | Stimulates bone growth |
| Traumatic | Fracture caused by injury |
| Spontaneous or pathologic | Fracture caused by disease |
| Simple (closed | Fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane) |
| Compound (open | Fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane). |
| Hematoma | Large blood clot; forms right after the fracture occurs |
| Cartilaginous (soft) callus | Osteoblasts invade and produce spongy bone, phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage is produced |
| Bony (hard) callus | Cartilaginous callus breaks down, osteoblasts invade, hard callus now fills space |
| Remodeling | Bone restored close to original shape, as osteoclasts remove excess bone |
| Fragility Fracture | Fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height; a sign of low bone density |
| osteopenia | bone loss |
| All living things are made of________ | cells |
| cells WITHOUT a nucleus or organelles surrounded by membrane | Prokaroytes |
| cells WITH a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane | Eukaroytes |
| cell membranes are mainly made up of_________and___________ | phospolipids, protein |
| lipid tails are hydrophobic and the head is________________ | hydrophilic |
| Proteins that stick on the surface (either inside or outside of cell) | Periphearl |
| Proteins that stick Into membrane (can go part in or all the way through) | integral |
| help move substances across the cell membrane | transport Proteins |
| Between nucleus and the cell membrane | cytoplasm |
| small structure with a specific job- suspended in a gel-like goo | organelles |
| True or false: Cellular respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis. | True |
| What is the primary site of cellular respiration? | Mitochondria |
| A _________ is transferred from ADP to ATP. | phosphate group |
| What occurs during the energy-investment step of glycolysis? | ATP is broken down to ADP. |
| During glycolysis, a net of _____ ATP are produced. | 2 |
| What happens to the oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain? | Forms water |
| One molecule of glucose will produce a maximum of____ ATP during aerobic respiration. | 38 |
| What is the location of the citric acid cycle? | Matrix |
| True or false: FAD is an electron carrier that accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions, resulting in FADH2. | True |
| True or false: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. | true |
| True or false: The process of cellular respiration is concerned with the production of ADP. | False |
| The membranous folds that extend into the matrix of a mitochondrion are called | cristae |
| True or false: Electrons from the coenzymes are pumped by components of the electron transport chain into the space between the mitochondrial membranes. | false |
| Transition (Preparatory) Reaction Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | Occurs in matrix |
| Electron Transport system | occurs on the cristae |
| Which of the following is not a product or reactant of glycolysis? | oxygen |
Created by:
yanise2006
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