all vocab terms
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| Absolute Location | A precise position on the Earth's surface
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| Behavioral geography | The study of the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.
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| Cartography | The science of making maps
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| Climate | The long-term average weather condition at a particular location
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| Clustered | Position close together. Often used interchangeably with "concentration".
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| Complementarity | A measure of how well one country’s export profile matches another country’s import profile.
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| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area versus another area.
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| Connection | The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
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| Conservation | The sustainable management of a natural resource.
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| Contagious diffusion* | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
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| Cultural ecology | A geographic approach that emphasizes human–environment relationships.
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| Cultural landscape* | An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena
in a particular study area.
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| Culture* | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group’s
distinct tradition.
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| Density * | The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
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| Diffusion * | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
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| Dispersed * | Diffused or spread out over an area.
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| Distance decay * | The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance
from its origin.
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| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.
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| Environmental determinism * | An approach to the study of geography which argued that the
general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.
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| Expansion diffusion * | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.
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| Formal region (or uniform region) * | An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
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| Friction of distance* | The inhibiting effect of distance on the intensity and volume of forms of interaction. Note: time-space
compression decreases friction of distance.
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| Functional region (or nodal region) * | An area organized around a node or focal point.
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| Geographic information system (GIS) * | A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
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| Geotagging | Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.
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| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites,
tracking stations, and receivers.
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| Globalization * | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in
scope.
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| Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) | The time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude.
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| Hearth * | The region from which innovative ideas originate.
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| Hierarchical diffusion * | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons
or places.
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| Humanistic geography | The study of different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic
meanings.
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| International Date Line | An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude. When the International Date Line is crossed heading east (toward America), the clock moves back a day. When it is crossed heading west (toward Asia), the
calendar moves ahead one day.
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| Latitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring
distance north and south of the equator (0°).
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| Location * | The position of anything on Earth’s surface.
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| Longitude | The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring
distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).
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| Map | A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
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| Map scale | The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s
surface.
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| Mashup | A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.
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| Mental map | A representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place that
contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located.
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| Meridian | An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
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| Network | A chain of communication that connects places.
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| Nonrenewable resource | Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.
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| Parallel | A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
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| Participatory GIS (PGIS) | Community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information.
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| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a particular area.
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| Perceptual region (or Vernacular region) * | An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
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| Place * | A specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.
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| Polder | Land that the Dutch have created by draining water from an area.
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| Possibilism * | The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the
ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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| Poststructuralist geography | The study of space as the product of ideologies or value systems of ruling elites.
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| Preservation | The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible.
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| Prime meridian | The meridian, designated as 0° longitude, passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich,
England.
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| Projection | A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
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| Region * | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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| Relative Location * | The position of one place or person in relation to another place or person.
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| Relocation diffusion (also known as Migration diffusion)* | The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
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| Remote sensing * | The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other
long-distance methods.
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| Renewable resource | Something produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.
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| Resource | A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible
to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
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| Scale * | Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.
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| Sense of place * | How a person feels about a place and why it is important to them.
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| Site * | The physical character of a place.
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| Situation * | The location of a place relative to another place.
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| Soil depletion * | The erosion, salinization, or degrading of fertile soil.
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| Space | The physical gap or interval between two objects.
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| Space–time compression * | The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved
communications and transportation systems.
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| Spatial association * | The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.
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| Spatial diffusion * | A feature spreading across space.
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| Spatial interaction * | The connectivity of people, businesses, or other features across space.
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| Spatial perspective * | A geographic focus that seeks to identify and explain the uses of space.
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| Stimulus diffusion * | The spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
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| Sustainability * | The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain
resource use in the future.
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| Syncretism * | The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.
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| Thematic map * | A map that emphasizes the spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes, and sometimes the
relationship between them.
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| Toponym * | The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
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| Transnational corporation * | A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just
where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
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| Uneven development | The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the
globalization of the economy.
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| Volunteered geographic information (VGI) | Creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals.
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| Abiotic | Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter.
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| Atmosphere | The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth.
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| Biosphere | All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms.
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| Biotic | Composed of living organisms.
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| Ecology | The scientific study of ecosystems.
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| Ecosystem | A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.
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| Hydrosphere | All of the water on and near Earth’s surface.
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| Lithosphere | Earth’s crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust.
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