AP HUG: Unit 1 vocab
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| reference maps | maps used to show landforms and/or places
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| physical map | reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, elevation, etc.
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| political map | reference map that shows political boundaries
e.g. countries, cities, capitals, etc.
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| thematic maps | maps used to display specific types by information(theme) pertaining to an area
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| cartogram | thematic map that show statistical data by transforming space e.g. population
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| Choropleth map | thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data e.g. population
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| dot density map | thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence e.g. population
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| graduated symbols map (proportional symbols map) | thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data e.g. population
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| absolute distance | measurement using a standard unit of length
e.g. mile, kilometer
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| relative distance | measurement of the social, cultural, and/or economic connectivity
e.g. USA and Iran vs USA and China
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| absolute direction | finding a location using a compass direction
e.g. north, south, east, west
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| relative direction | finding a location not using a compass direction
e.g. left, right, forward, backward, up, down
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| spatial pattern | the way things are laid out and organized on the surface of Earth
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| clustering | objects that form a group
e.g. coastal population
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| dispersal | objects that are scattered e.g. rural population
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| elevation | height above sea level
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| spatial scale | hierarchy of spaces; analyzing data at a variety of scales- global, regional, national, and local
e.g. location of French speakers:
global: in the world
regional: in North America
national: in Canada
local: in Quebec
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| map distortion | all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-D surface onto a 2-D surface in area, distance, shape, and/or direction
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| map projection | a way to transfer the 3-D earth onto a 2-D map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction
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| geographic data | information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed)
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| geospatial technologies | technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal (navigation), business (marketing), and governmental (environmental planning) purposes
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| GIS (Global Information System) | 1. map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data
2. data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, and crime rates
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| satellite navigation systems | system of satellites that provide geo-spatial positioning e.g. GPS
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| remote sensing | collecting data with instruments that are distant from the area of study
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| types of remote sensors | satellites, planes, aircraft, spacecraft, ships, buoys
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| uses of remote sensing | track storms, search from natural resources, military surveillance, monitor volcanoes, monitor deforestation/glacier melting
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| online mapping and visualization | compilation and publication of web sites that provide graphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals e.g. homicide statistics
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| spatial information can also come from written accounts (not just technology) | field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, and photographic evidence
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| census data | systematically acquiring and recording information about members of a given population
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| satellite imagery | images of earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world
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| absolute location | describes the precise location of a place using Earth's Graticule (latitude and longitude)
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| relative location | describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features
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| space(geography) | relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts
e.g. geographers study phenomena across space
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| place | describes an area on the surface of earth with distinguishing human and physical characteristics (place is space with meaning)
e.g. Agra, India
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| pattern | an arrangement of objects on earth, including the space in between those objects
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| human-environmental interaction | describes the ways human modify or adapt to the natural world e.g. bridges, dams, houses, roads
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| distance decay | the idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance
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| time-space compression | term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same
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| time space convergence | time space convergence
term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication
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| movement (geography) | describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas, move from place to place
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| flow (geography) | movement in a steady steam e.g. migration
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| globalization | the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture
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| network | a system of interconnected people or things e.g. transportation, communication, financial, governmental
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| region | describes and area on Earth marked by similarity in some way (a way to organize space)
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| regionalism | refers to a group's perceived identification with a particular region e.g. the South
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| formal region | region marked by a shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.) e.g. The Keys, The Caribbean
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| functional region | region marked by a particular set of activities that occur e.g. Southwest Airlines, newspaper
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| perceptual/vernacular region | region that exists as an idea e.g. the South, Kurdistan
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| regional boundaries | transitional and often contested and overlapping e.g. Kurdistan in Turkey and Northern Iraq
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| regional analysis | analyzing regions at a variety of scales-global, national, and local
e.g. Muslim population
global: in the world
national: in Turkey
local: in Kurdistan
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| sustainability | meeting an increased demand for resources (energy, food, fuel) in a way that protects the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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| natural resources | something found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans e.g. forest, mineral deposit, water
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| land use | the function of land e.g. agricultural, commercial, residential, transportation, recreation
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| environmental determinism | theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards a particular development; human society development is controlled by the environment
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| possibilism | theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitation but people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions of a particular natural environment
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| spatial scale | analyzing scales reveal variation/different interpretations of data
e.g. fertility rate
global: in the world (2.4)
regional: in Sub-Saharan Africa (4.7)
national: in Tunisia (2.1)
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