Germany Depth Study 1919-45
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | 1918
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| show | 1918
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| The National Assembly (elected on Jan. 19) meets in Weimar because Berlin is too violent. A government of the "Weimar Coalition" (SPD, DDP, Center) is formed with Philipp Scheidemann as Chancellor. | show 🗑
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| show | 1919
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| A Soviet Republic in Bavaria is the most dramatic of a series of revolts and military conflicts during the spring between government troops and radical workers. | show 🗑
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| show | 1919
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| Weimar Constitution: The National Assembly, sitting in Weimar, adopts a constitution for the Republic. | show 🗑
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| Adolf Hitler joins the tiny German Workers Party (later renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party, NSDAP, or Nazi Party) in Munich. | show 🗑
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| show | 1920
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| The parties of the "Weimar Coalition" lose their Reichstag majority in national elections; they never again have enough seats to form a majority coalition. | show 🗑
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| The German government (under duress) accepts the Allies claims for reparations, the amount of which was left open in the peace treaty. | show 🗑
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| show | 1921
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| The Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Soviet Russia opens a diplomatic back door for Germany. | show 🗑
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| show | 1922
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| show | 1923
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| A "Great Coalition" government (SPD, DDP, Center, DVP) led by Gustav Stresemann (DVP) ends the passive resistance and the inflation. Stresemann remains as foreign minister in every succeeding government until 1929. | show 🗑
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| show | 1923
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| show | 1923
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| The Dawes Plan eases Germany's reparations obligations and leads to an influx of American loans. | show 🗑
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| show | 1925
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| show | 1925
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| show | 1926
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| A "Great Coalition" government (the first since 1923) is formed under Hermann Müller (SPD), after national elections that seems to confirm the stabilization of the Republic. This cabinet survives until March 1930. | show 🗑
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| The German government accepts the Young Plan, which further eases German reparations obligations. In the ensuing nationalist campaign to force rejection of the Young Plan (unsuccessfully) Hitler gains his first national prominence. | show 🗑
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| The Wall Street crash, symbolic start of the Great Depression, finds the German economy already in decline, and leads to the withdrawal of American short-term loans. | show 🗑
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| Hindenburg is reelected President by a small margin over Hitler. | show 🗑
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| Franz von Papen becomes Chancellor after Brüning loses Hindenburg's confidence and resigns. | show 🗑
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| An international conference effectively ends German reparations obligations. | show 🗑
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| show | 1932
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| show | 1932
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| show | 1932
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| show | 1932
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| National elections fail to resolve the deadlock; the Nazis lose some seats, but the Communists gain. | show 🗑
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| show | 1932
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| show | 1933
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| Fire partly destroys the Reichstag building. The government takes the occasion to step up persecution of the opposition parties. | show 🗑
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| show | 1933
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| Enabling Act: This bill, which receives the necessary 2/3 majority with the aid of the Center Party, grants full legislative powers to the cabinet without requiring the assent of the Reichstag. | show 🗑
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| show | 1933
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| The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service provides for the dismissal of all Jews and opponents of the regime from the civil service. | show 🗑
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| show | 1933
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| Inauguration of the Reinhardt Plan of expanded public works expenditure, including construction of superhighways (Autobahns). | show 🗑
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| show | 1933
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| show | 1934
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| show | 1934
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| show | 1934
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| Hitler repudiates the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty and Germany begins to rearm openly. | show 🗑
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| show | 1935
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| Crisis over the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), during which Germany supports Italy and thereby cements a habit of mutual support. | show 🗑
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| show | 1935
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| Reoccupation of the Rhineland: Hitler repudiates the demilitarization clauses of the Versailles Treaty and the Locarno Treaties (1925), and German troops march into the demilitarized Rhineland. | show 🗑
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| The Spanish Civil War begins. German and Italian forces support the insurgent Nationalist (Franco) side, the ultimate victors (in 1939). | show 🗑
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| show | 1936
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| Inauguration of the Four-Year Plan intended to make Germany economically self-sufficient. | show 🗑
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| show | 1937
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| Anschluss: Germany abruptly invades and annexes Austria. | show 🗑
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| Munich: A crisis over the Czechoslovak Sudetenland ends in the Munich Agreement and German annexation of large areas of western Czechoslovakia; this is the peak of Western appeasement. | show 🗑
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| show | 1938
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| show | 1939
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| The Nazi-Soviet Pact (or Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) provides that Germany and Russia will observe benevolent neutrality towards each other if either becomes involved in a war. | show 🗑
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| show | 1939
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| German armies invade Denmark and Norway. | show 🗑
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| German victory in the West: German armies invade the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, and two days later enter France. Thoroughly defeated, France signs an armistice on June 22. | show 🗑
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| The Battle of Britain, consisting of sustained air attacks intended as a prelude to invasion. In the end no invasion is attempted. | show 🗑
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| The Jews of Warsaw are herded together into the Warsaw Ghetto. | show 🗑
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| German armies invade Yugoslavia and Greece. | show 🗑
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| Invasion of Russia: German armies sweep into the Soviet Union, making vast gains at first. | show 🗑
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| show | 1941
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| Hitler ends the euthanasia program for the mentally deficient in Germany as a result of public protest mainly from Catholic quarters. | show 🗑
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| Death camps: Chelmno, considered the first of the death camps, goes into operation, followed within months by Belzec, Sobibor, Majdanek, Treblinka, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. | show 🗑
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| show | 1941
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| The Wannsee Conference, called to coordinate "the Final Solution to the Jewish Problem" under the direction of the SS. | show 🗑
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| Albert Speer is put in charge of German war production, which is only just beginning to organize for a long war. | show 🗑
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| El Alamein: British forces push back the German armies at El Alamein; the turning point of the war in North Africa. | show 🗑
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| Stalingrad: Soviet forces counter-attack at Stalingrad on the Volga, surround a large German army, and force its surrender. This is the turning point of the war in Russia. | show 🗑
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| show | 1942
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| show | 1943
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| Allied aircraft fire-bomb Dresden, an open city. | show 🗑
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| D-Day: Allied armies land in Normandy. | show 🗑
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| An attempt is made on Hitler's life by a group of mainly upper-class conspirators with army or government connections. It fails, and wide-spread executions follow. | show 🗑
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| Warsaw uprising: Polish partisans revolt, but are eventually crushed by German armies while nearby Russian armies fail to intervene. | show 🗑
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| show | 1944
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| Russian armies begin their final attack, which within a week takes Warsaw and crosses the Vistula. | show 🗑
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| show | 1945
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| Hitler commits suicide. | show 🗑
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| End of the war: The remnants of the Nazi government surrender unconditionally. | show 🗑
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| show | 1918
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| show | 1918
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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