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Physical Examination of the Urine

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What determines the physical examination of urine?   show
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show Pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, and amber.  
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show the presence of a pigment, named urochrome.  
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show is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate.  
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show A pink pigment present in urine in smaller amounts, and it is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates.  
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show is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.  
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What does Dark yellow/Amber/Orange urine mean?   show
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show It is shaken and a yellow foam appears.  
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What does yellow-orange specimen mean?   show
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show blood in urine.  
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show brown  
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show It could indicate glomerular bleeding resulting from the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.  
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If RBC are present what does the urine look like and if it's myoglobin?   show
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show it's resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBC and is accompanied by red plasma.  
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show myoglobin  
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show appear red from the oxiation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins, they are referred to as port wine.  
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What does brown/black urine mean?   show
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show an oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when an malignant melanoma is present.  
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What does homogentisic acid mean?   show
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show levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole.  
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What does it mean to have blue/green urine?   show
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show is a general term that refers to the transparency/turbidity of a urine specimen.  
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show visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of a light source.  
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What is some of the common terminology when reporting clarity?   show
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What do precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates cause?   show
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show Temperature(cold,refrigerator storage), pink turbidity(acid pH) - urates.  
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What does hazy clarity mean?   show
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What does cloudy clarity mean?   show
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What does turbid mean?   show
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show May precipitate or be clotted.  
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What are some of the nonpathologic causes of urine turbidity?   show
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What are some of the pathologic causes of turbidity?   show
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What is the current criteria used to determine the necessity of performing a microscopic examination on urine specimen?   show
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show True  
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show the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.  
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What is specific gravity of urine defined as?   show
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What is the normal range for SG?   show
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show number of particles and size of particles.  
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show direct methods: using a urinometer, harmonic oscillation densitometry(HOD) and indirectly by usina a refractometer or the chemical reagent strip.  
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show consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity. the level to which the urinometer sinks represents the specimen's mass or specific gravity.  
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show requires a large volume of 10 to 15mL, must be corrected for temperature(0.001 for every 3 degrees C) must be correcte for high levels of protein(subtract .003 for every gram of protein) glucose(subtract .004 for every gram of glucose)  
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show determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen, does this by measuring the refractive index.  
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What is a refractive index?   show
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show the velocity and angle at which light passes through a solution.  
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What are the advantages of the refractometer?   show
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How do you calibrate the refractometer?   show
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show urine specific gravity (far left) starts with 1.000; serum protein (center scale gm%); and refractive index (far right) starts with 0.000  
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show dilute the specimen  
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show 1.036  
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show It's not routinely reported, an ammomnia smell usually indicates presence of bacteria versus sample integrity(older than 1 hour)  
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show acetone found in patients in diabetic ketoacidosis.  
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What does an maple syrup odor indicate?   show
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What are the disadvantages and advantages uring a dip stick for measuring SG?   show
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show weight per volume  
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What does Osmolality mean?   show
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What is the formula for Osmolarity?   show
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What is the osmolarity of NaCl?   show
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What is the osmolarity of glucose?   show
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show 1 osmole= 1000 milliosmolesNormal ranges:-serum: 275-300 milliosmoles-urine: 50-1400 milliosmoles  
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show 1000mOsm/-1.86 = XmOsm/-3.46 X=1860 mOsm.  
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The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by which of the following?   show
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The normal yellow color of urine is produced by:   show
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show bilirubin  
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A urine that turns black after standing may contain:   show
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Specimens that contain intact RBCs can be visually distinguihed by those that contain hemoglobin because:   show
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show Not be concerned because only Mrs. Williams is genetically susceptible to producing red urine from beets.  
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show Viscous and Orange  
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show Amorphous phosphates and carbonates  
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show Amorphous urates  
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show urine contains porphyrins  
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Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with a dark yellow urine?   show
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show False  
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show To dissolve amorphous urates  
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A urine specific gravity measured by refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14 degrees C. The specific gravity should be reported as:   show
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show Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions.  
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Refractometers are calibrated using:   show
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show Radiographic dye infusion  
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An alkaline urine turns black upon standing, develops a cloudy white precipitate, and has a SG of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be:   show
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show Adjust the set screw  
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show 1.040  
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The method for determining a urine specific gravity that is based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution is:   show
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A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.005 would be considered:   show
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show False  
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show Urinary tract infection  
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The microscopic of a cloudy amber urine is reported as rare WBCs and epithelial cells. What does this suggest?   show
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A specimen with a strong ammonia odor and a heavy white precipitate when it arrives in the laboratory may require:   show
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