Physical Examination of the Urine
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| show | Color, clarity, specific gravity, Osmolarity, and volume if timed.
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| What are the common colors of urine? | show 🗑
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| What is the yellow color of urine caused by? | show 🗑
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| show | is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate.
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| show | A pink pigment present in urine in smaller amounts, and it is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates.
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| show | is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.
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| What does Dark yellow/Amber/Orange urine mean? | show 🗑
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| What do techs do if it is suspected that specimen contains bilirubin? | show 🗑
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| What does yellow-orange specimen mean? | show 🗑
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| What does Red/Pink/Brown urine mean? | show 🗑
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| show | brown
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| show | It could indicate glomerular bleeding resulting from the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
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| show | it's red and cloudy and if myoglogin is present it's red and clear.
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| show | it's resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBC and is accompanied by red plasma.
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| What does the breakdown of skeletal muscle produce? | show 🗑
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| show | appear red from the oxiation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins, they are referred to as port wine.
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| What does brown/black urine mean? | show 🗑
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| show | an oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when an malignant melanoma is present.
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| show | a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from persons with the inborn-error of metabolism called alkaptonuria.
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| show | levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole.
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| What does it mean to have blue/green urine? | show 🗑
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| What does clarity refer to? | show 🗑
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| Clarity if determined by? | show 🗑
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| show | clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky.
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| show | a white cloudiness.
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| What are the causes of cloudy urine? | show 🗑
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| show | Few particulates, print easily seen through urine.
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| What does cloudy clarity mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Print cannot be seen through urine.
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| What does milky clarity mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Squamous epithelial cells, mucus, amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates, semen, spermatozoa, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder, and vaginal creams.
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| What are some of the pathologic causes of turbidity? | show 🗑
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| What is the current criteria used to determine the necessity of performing a microscopic examination on urine specimen? | show 🗑
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| The ability of the kidneys to selectively reabsorb essential chemicals and water from the glomerular filtrate is one of the body's most important functions. True or False | show 🗑
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| show | the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.
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| show | is a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in the specimen.
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| show | 1.005-1.030
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| What is the measure of SG influenced by? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the methods for measuring SG? | show 🗑
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| Explain the urinometer? | show 🗑
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| show | requires a large volume of 10 to 15mL, must be corrected for temperature(0.001 for every 3 degrees C) must be correcte for high levels of protein(subtract .003 for every gram of protein) glucose(subtract .004 for every gram of glucose)
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| Explain the refractometry? | show 🗑
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| What is a refractive index? | show 🗑
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| What does the concentration of dissolve particles present in solution determine? | show 🗑
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| What are the advantages of the refractometer? | show 🗑
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| How do you calibrate the refractometer? | show 🗑
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| show | urine specific gravity (far left) starts with 1.000; serum protein (center scale gm%); and refractive index (far right) starts with 0.000
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| show | dilute the specimen
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| show | 1.036
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| show | It's not routinely reported, an ammomnia smell usually indicates presence of bacteria versus sample integrity(older than 1 hour)
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| What does a fruity odor indicate? | show 🗑
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| What does an maple syrup odor indicate? | show 🗑
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| What are the disadvantages and advantages uring a dip stick for measuring SG? | show 🗑
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| show | weight per volume
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| What does Osmolality mean? | show 🗑
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| show | MW/#ions=osmolarity (gm/osmole)
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| What is the osmolarity of NaCl? | show 🗑
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| What is the osmolarity of glucose? | show 🗑
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| Osmolality ranges and unit conversions | show 🗑
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| If one mole of NaCl is dissolved in 1 kg of water depresses the Freezing point -3.49C, calculate the osmolarity: | show 🗑
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| show | Color
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| The normal yellow color of urine is produced by: | show 🗑
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| A yellow-brown specimen that produces a yellow foam when shaken can be suspected of containing: | show 🗑
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| show | Homogentisic acid, Melanin, and Methemoglobin.
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| show | RBC produce a cloudy specimen
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| show | Not be concerned because only Mrs. Williams is genetically susceptible to producing red urine from beets.
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| show | Viscous and Orange
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| show | Amorphous phosphates and carbonates
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| show | Amorphous urates
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| Under what conditions will a port-wine urine color be observe in a urine specimen? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with a dark yellow urine? | show 🗑
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| True or False: Urine specific gravity is equally influenced by the presence of glucose and sodium. | show 🗑
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| show | To dissolve amorphous urates
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| A urine specific gravity measured by refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14 degrees C. The specific gravity should be reported as: | show 🗑
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| Refractive index compares: | show 🗑
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| show | Distilled water and sodium chloride
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| show | Radiographic dye infusion
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| An alkaline urine turns black upon standing, develops a cloudy white precipitate, and has a SG of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be: | show 🗑
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| show | Adjust the set screw
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| A urine specimen with a specific gravity of 1.008 has been diluted 1:5, the actual specific gravity is: | show 🗑
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| The method for determining a urine specific gravity that is based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution is: | show 🗑
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| A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.005 would be considered: | show 🗑
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| True or False: Specific gravity is of more diagnostic value than osmolarity in evaluating renal concentration ability. | show 🗑
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| A strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen coul indicate: | show 🗑
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| show | A possible mix up of specimen and sediment
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| show | collection of a fresh specimen.
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Twixy565
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