Physical Examination of the Urine
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What determines the physical examination of urine? | show 🗑
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show | Pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, and amber.
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show | the presence of a pigment, named urochrome.
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show | is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate.
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show | A pink pigment present in urine in smaller amounts, and it is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates.
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show | is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.
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What does Dark yellow/Amber/Orange urine mean? | show 🗑
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show | It is shaken and a yellow foam appears.
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What does yellow-orange specimen mean? | show 🗑
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show | blood in urine.
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show | brown
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show | It could indicate glomerular bleeding resulting from the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
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If RBC are present what does the urine look like and if it's myoglobin? | show 🗑
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show | it's resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBC and is accompanied by red plasma.
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show | myoglobin
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show | appear red from the oxiation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins, they are referred to as port wine.
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What does brown/black urine mean? | show 🗑
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show | an oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when an malignant melanoma is present.
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What does homogentisic acid mean? | show 🗑
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show | levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole.
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What does it mean to have blue/green urine? | show 🗑
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show | is a general term that refers to the transparency/turbidity of a urine specimen.
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show | visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of a light source.
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What is some of the common terminology when reporting clarity? | show 🗑
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What do precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates cause? | show 🗑
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show | Temperature(cold,refrigerator storage), pink turbidity(acid pH) - urates.
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What does hazy clarity mean? | show 🗑
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What does cloudy clarity mean? | show 🗑
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What does turbid mean? | show 🗑
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show | May precipitate or be clotted.
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What are some of the nonpathologic causes of urine turbidity? | show 🗑
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What are some of the pathologic causes of turbidity? | show 🗑
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What is the current criteria used to determine the necessity of performing a microscopic examination on urine specimen? | show 🗑
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show | True
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show | the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.
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What is specific gravity of urine defined as? | show 🗑
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What is the normal range for SG? | show 🗑
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show | number of particles and size of particles.
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show | direct methods: using a urinometer, harmonic oscillation densitometry(HOD) and indirectly by usina a refractometer or the chemical reagent strip.
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show | consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity. the level to which the urinometer sinks represents the specimen's mass or specific gravity.
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show | requires a large volume of 10 to 15mL, must be corrected for temperature(0.001 for every 3 degrees C) must be correcte for high levels of protein(subtract .003 for every gram of protein) glucose(subtract .004 for every gram of glucose)
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show | determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen, does this by measuring the refractive index.
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What is a refractive index? | show 🗑
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show | the velocity and angle at which light passes through a solution.
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What are the advantages of the refractometer? | show 🗑
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How do you calibrate the refractometer? | show 🗑
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show | urine specific gravity (far left) starts with 1.000; serum protein (center scale gm%); and refractive index (far right) starts with 0.000
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show | dilute the specimen
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show | 1.036
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show | It's not routinely reported, an ammomnia smell usually indicates presence of bacteria versus sample integrity(older than 1 hour)
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show | acetone found in patients in diabetic ketoacidosis.
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What does an maple syrup odor indicate? | show 🗑
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What are the disadvantages and advantages uring a dip stick for measuring SG? | show 🗑
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show | weight per volume
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What does Osmolality mean? | show 🗑
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What is the formula for Osmolarity? | show 🗑
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What is the osmolarity of NaCl? | show 🗑
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What is the osmolarity of glucose? | show 🗑
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show | 1 osmole= 1000 milliosmolesNormal ranges:-serum: 275-300 milliosmoles-urine: 50-1400 milliosmoles
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show | 1000mOsm/-1.86 = XmOsm/-3.46 X=1860 mOsm.
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The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by which of the following? | show 🗑
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The normal yellow color of urine is produced by: | show 🗑
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show | bilirubin
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A urine that turns black after standing may contain: | show 🗑
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Specimens that contain intact RBCs can be visually distinguihed by those that contain hemoglobin because: | show 🗑
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show | Not be concerned because only Mrs. Williams is genetically susceptible to producing red urine from beets.
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show | Viscous and Orange
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show | Amorphous phosphates and carbonates
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show | Amorphous urates
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show | urine contains porphyrins
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Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with a dark yellow urine? | show 🗑
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show | False
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show | To dissolve amorphous urates
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A urine specific gravity measured by refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14 degrees C. The specific gravity should be reported as: | show 🗑
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show | Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions.
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Refractometers are calibrated using: | show 🗑
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show | Radiographic dye infusion
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An alkaline urine turns black upon standing, develops a cloudy white precipitate, and has a SG of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be: | show 🗑
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show | Adjust the set screw
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show | 1.040
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The method for determining a urine specific gravity that is based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution is: | show 🗑
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A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.005 would be considered: | show 🗑
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show | False
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show | Urinary tract infection
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The microscopic of a cloudy amber urine is reported as rare WBCs and epithelial cells. What does this suggest? | show 🗑
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A specimen with a strong ammonia odor and a heavy white precipitate when it arrives in the laboratory may require: | show 🗑
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Created by:
Twixy565
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