4.8, 4.9, 4.10
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| Devolution | The process in which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
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| Ethnic Separatism | People of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly with their ethnic group than as citizens of the state.
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| Ethnic Cleansing | State governments attack an ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion, imprisonment, or mass murder.
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| Terrorism | Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims.
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| Irredentism | A majority ethnic group wants to claim territory from a neighboring state due to a shared culture with the people residing across the border.
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| Balkanization (State Fragmentation) | Fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries.
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| Subnational Political-Territorial Units | A small area such as a city, town, or village that has its own local government.
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| State Disintegration | States that split into two or more new states; states that have failed, such as Sudan, the former Soviet Union.
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| Democratization | The introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles.
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| Transnational | Extending or operating across national boundaries.
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| Economies of Scale | Increased trade and bargaining power in order to make more money for the member nations in a supranational organization.
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| Supranationalism | The state or condition of transcending national boundaries, authority, or interests.
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| Supranational Organizations | An alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals.
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| Failed State | A state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.
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| Ethnic Nationalist Movements | Movements caused by the presence of ethnonationalism.
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| Ethnonationalism | A form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group.
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| Centripetal and Centrifugal forces at state scale | Characteristics that unify a country and provide stability (Centripetal) and characteristics that divide a country and create instability, conflict and violence (centrifugal).
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