Chapter 9 Vocabulary- Food and Agriculture
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| Agribusiness | Commercial ag characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
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| Agricultural Revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
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| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
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| Aquaculture (aquafarming) | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
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| Cereal grain | A grass that yields grain for food.
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| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
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| Crop | Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.
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| Crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
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| Dairy Farm | A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other diary products.
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| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation.
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| Dietary energy consumption | The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (calories in USA)
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| Double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
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| Fishing | The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
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| Food security | Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
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| Genetically modified organism (GMO) | A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
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| Grain | Seeds of a cereal grass.
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| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
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| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
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| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield of a parcel of land.
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| Milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
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| Mixed crop and livestock farming | Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
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| No tillage | A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year's harvest left untouched on the fields.
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| Overfishing | Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.
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| Paddy | The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
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| Pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
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| Plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sales, usually to a more developed country.
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| Prime agricultural land | The most productive farmland
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| Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.
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| Ridge Tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
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| Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice
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| Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
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| Slash and burn agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
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| Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.
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| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
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| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
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| Truck Farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities"
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| Undernourishment | Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
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| Wet rice | Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
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| Carrying Capacity | the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation
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| Enviornmental Degradation | the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
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