AP Govt. CPHS Chap. 10
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| Judicial Review | Power of the courts to review acts of other branches of government and the states.
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| Judiciaary Act of 1789 | Established the basic three-tiered structure of the federal court system.
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| Maybury v. Madison (1803) | Case in which the Supreme Court first asserted the power of judicial review in finding that the congressional statute extending the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional.
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| Trial Courts | Courts of original jurisdiction where cases begin.
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| Appellate Courts | Courts that generally review only findings of law made by lower courts.
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| Jurisdiction | Authority vested in a particular court to hear and decide the issues in any particular case.
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| Original jurisdiction | The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. Courts determine the facts of a case under their original jurisdiction.
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| Appellate Jurisdiction | The power vested in an appellate court to review and/or revise the decision of a lower court.
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| Criminal Law | Codes of behavior related to the protection of property and individual safety.
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| Civil Law | Codes of behavior related to business and contractual relationships between groups and individuals.
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| Constitutional Courts | Federal courts specifically created by the U.S. Constitution or by Congress pursuant to its authority in Article III.
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| Legislative Courts | Courts established by Congress for specialized purposes, such as the Court of Military Appeals.
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| Brief | A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial.
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| Precedents | Prior judicial decisions that serve as a rule for sttling subsequent cases of a similar nature.
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| Stare Decisis | In court rulings, a reliance on past decisions or precedents to formulate decisions in new cases.
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| Senatorial Courtesy | Process by which presidents generally defer selection of district cour judges to the choice of senators of their own party who represent the state where the vacancy occurs.
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| Strict Constructionist | An approach to constitutional interpretation that emphasizes the Framers' original intentions.
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| Writ of Certioari | A request for the Court to order up the records from a lower court to review the case.
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| Rule of Four | At least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard.
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| Solicitor General | The fourth-ranking member of the Department of Justice; responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the U.S. government to the Supreme Court.
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| Amicus Curiae | "Friend of the court"; amici may file briefs or even appear to argue their interests orally before the court.
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| Judicial Restraint | A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues courts should allow the decisions of other branches of goverment to stand, even when they offend a judge's own sense of principles.
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| Judicial Activism | A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality and personal liberty.
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| Judicial Implementation | Refers to how and whether judicial decisions are translated into actual public policies affecting more than the immediate parties to a lawsuit.
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