175 ch 10 & 11
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| A report that shows susceptible strains of pathogens to antibiotics | Antibiogram
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| Using the Inhibitor disc on agar plates to test sensitivity of microbes to antibiotics | Kirby-Bauer test
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| Like the Kirby-Bauer test but uses strips | E-Test
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| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration is | The least amount of drug per volume of liquid that has a visible inhibition of growth on microbes; Done as Tube Dilution Test
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| The use of a drug to prevent infection to someone at risk is called | Prophylaxis
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| Antimicrobial means | Broad term for drugs that fight infections
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| Natural agents used against bacterial infections | Antibiotics
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| Broad Spectrum drugs | Many Bacteria
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| Narrow Spectrum drugs | Target a specific group of bacteria
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| Therapeutic Index | Ratio of Toxic dose compared to Effective dose
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| Selective Toxicity | Highly toxic to target microbe while less toxic to host cells
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| Microbe considered by CDC as Urgent Threat | Clostridium Difficle ; C diff & CRE Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
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| Microbe considered by CDC as Serious Threat | Vancomycin - Resistant Enterococcus ; VRE
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| Microbe considered by CDC as Concerning Threat | Vancomycin - Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ; VRSA
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| The R Factor refers to what | The type of Plasmid that confers antibiotic resistant
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| Bacteria that goes to slow growing or dormant until antibiotic is gone is called | Persisters
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| The enzyme in bacteria that hydrolyzes Penicillin | Penicillinase
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| Term used for a situation where infections is untreatable with antibiotics is | Post Antibiotic Era
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| Term for when a Antibiotic is modified in lab | Semisynthetic Drug
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| 3 factors of horizontal gene transfer | Transduction , Transformation, Conjugation
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| Term for A rapid developing pronounced allergic reaction that can become life threating | Anaphylaxis
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| The 3 modes of Action for antiviral drug | Prevent transcription/translation, Prevent penetration, Prevent maturation
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| Prebiotics do what | Stimulate the growth of biota in GI
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| The current treatment for Malaria is with | Artemisinin
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| The 2 drugs to treat helminths in humans | Ivermectin, Praziquantel
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| Drug used in place of penicillin because of allergic reaction to penicillin | Cephalosporin
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| Drugs that have a low toxicity, target what part of the bacteria | The cell wall
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| Drugs that have a high toxicity to humans, target what part of microbe | The cytoplasmic membrane
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| 5 ways that antimicrobials target cell | Cell wall synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, Plasma membrane, Protein synthesis, Folic Acid synthesis
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| Drug used against MRSA | Cephalosporins 5th generation Cegtaroline
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| Vancomycin is used | Is Narrow spectrum to treat Staphylococcal infections concerning penicillin and methicillin resistance or penicillin allergy
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| Drug that blocks the attachment of tRNA on the 'A' acceptor site and stop further protein synthesis and broad spectrum is | Tetracycline , gram pos & neg cocci and rods, aerobic & anaerobic bacteria rickettsias and spirochetes
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| Modes of Action for microbes to be resistant | New enzymes inactivating drug ( penicillinase), Uptake of drug into microbe is decreased, Drug enters and is immediately eliminated from microbe, Decreased binding sites for the drug, Change in the metabolic pathway
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| Carbapenems are used when | Powerful , used when other drugs are not working, CRE is resistant to it
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| Toxic reactions to Penicillin G | Rash , watery eyes , Hives
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| Toxic reaction to Carbenicillin | Abnormal bleeding
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| Toxic reaction to Ampicillin | Diarrhea
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| Toxic reactions to Cephalosporins | Inhibition of platelet function, Decreased circulation of white blood cells , Nephritis (nephron inflammation)
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| Toxic reaction to Tetracyclines | Diarrhea, discoloration of tooth enamel , Photosensitivity
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| 3 considerations in choosing a antimicrobial are | Identify the Microbe, Sensitivity of Microbe , and Overall Health of Patient
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| MIC ; Minimal Inhibitory Concentration is | Identifies the smallest effective dose of an antimicrobial toxic to the microbe
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| Therapeutic Index is | Ratio of toxicity of drug to human vs. microbe , the Higher the ratio number the less toxic the drug is to the human.
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| Drugs that block cell wall synthesis are 4 ea. | Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Vancomycins
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| 4 Drugs that block Protein synthesis are | Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Oxazolidinone, Pleuromutilins
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| 2 Drugs that block Folic Acid synthesis are | Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
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| 2 Drugs that disrupt cell membranes | Polymyxins and Daptomycin
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| 3 Major side effects to antimicrobials are | Toxicity to organs, Altering the normal Biota, Allergic Reactions
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| What are R Factors | They are Plasmids that contain a code for Drug Resistance
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| Clavulanic Acid does what | Inhibits the Beta-Lactamase
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| Nafcillin does what | Treats infections caused by Penicillinase producing bacteria
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| Fluoroquinolones kills microbes by | Stopping the DNA Transcription
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| 4 Antifungals are | Macrolide Polyenes, Azoles, Echinocandins, Allylamines
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| Define Human Biome | Total Microbes found on and in normal human ; Important for health of host
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| Leukocidins | Lyses White Blood Cells ; Produced by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus and is a Toxin to WBC
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| Enterotoxins are | Toxin that acts on the GI Tract
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| Exoenzyme is | An Extracellular enzyme that may damage host tissue
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| Exotoxin is | Toxin that acts on a Specific cellular tissue; Are Proteins
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| Symptom is defined as | Being perceived by the Patient
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| Sign is defined as | Being observed by a Physical exam
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| Syndrome is defined as | Signs and Symptoms that indicate a Disease
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| Edema is | Build up of excess fluid in an area
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| Endotoxins are | Lipopolysaccharides and are gram negative` ; shed off and are not target specific
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| Septicemia | Microbes in the blood that are multiplying
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| Bacteremia and Viremia | Microbes in the blood that are Not multipying
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| Leukocytosis | Increase of WBC
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| Leukopenia | Decrease of WBC
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| Sequelae | Permanent damage to tissue or organ from disease ; polio
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| Zoonosis | Animal to Human disease
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| Fomite | Solid Objects or Material that can spread infectious diseases when contact is made
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| Horizontal transmission | Person to Person
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| Vertical transmission | Parent to Offspring
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| Common Source Epidemic | Disease that originates from a pathogen that comes from One Source and can effect people in different areas geographically
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| Point Source Epidemic | Is a type of Common Source ; Would be a smaller scale, like people getting sick from bad potato salad at a group function
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| Propagated Epidemic | Pathogen that is communicable from person to person ; and is sustained over time ; the FLU
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| Prevalence | A total number of existing cases of a disease in a Population
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| Epidemiology | Study of spread of disease in a Community
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| Incidence | The measure of new cases over a certain time period
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| Epigenetic changes do what | Make changes to the host DNA or RNA , can be passed along with replication
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| 4 Stages of Infection | Incubation Period, Prodromal Stage, Acute Phase, Convalescence
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| Nosocomial is another name for | Healthcare associated infections
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| An agent that causes a disease or infection | Etiologic Agent
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| An enzyme that causes clotting of blood or plasma | Coagulase
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| The Vector that transports infectious agents without becoming infected | Mechanical vectors; carry microbe on their body
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| An extracellular enzyme that may damage the host tissues | Exoenzyme
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| Term for microbes gaining a better foothold on host tissues | Adhesion
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| Difference in Fomite and Vehicle | Fomite is solid object only, Vehicle can include water, liquid and air
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| Virulence is | The degree of pathogenicity of a microbe ; Severity
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| Toxins that act on the intestines | Enterotoxins
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| The place where microbes originate from is the | Reservoir
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| The Vector that carries the microbe within its body and injects to others | Biological Vector
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| Term in epidemiology for Total number of new cases in an area and specific time period | Incidence
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| Term for a disease in an normal healthy person | True Pathogen
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| Term for number of persons infected with a disease | Morbidity Rate
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| Term in epidemiology for total number of cases in an area at a certain time | Prevalence
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| Ways that Exotoxins affect host cells | Damage to cell membrane, Lysis of cell, Disrupting intracellular functions
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| Term for infection with more than one microbe | Polymicrobial
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| DNA sequences that have the capability to move in the genomes | Transposons
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| Antifungal drug group that acts on interfering with sterol synthesis | Azoles
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| 2 Drugs that treat several roundworms | Mebendazole and Albendazole
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| 2 Bacterial sources for Antibiotics are | Streptomyces and Bacillus
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| 4 Stages of Infection are | Incubation stage, Prodromal stage, Acute stage, Convalescent stage
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| Most antibiotics are formed from what | Streptomyces and Bacillus
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| Most antifungals are formed from what | Penicillium and Cephalosporium
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| Bacteria with the most resistance are | Staphylococcus species, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, and Aerobic Gram Negative Intestinal Bacteria
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| Works to disrupt tRNA , drugs contain 'cine' in name | Tetracycline
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| Drug that treats gram negative , disrupts protein synthesis, names end in 'cin'. like streptomycin | Aminoglycosides
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| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, is a Beta-Lactam antibiotic, drug names end in 'nem' | Carbapenems
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| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Beta-Lactam antibiotic, name ends in 'cillin' | Penicillins
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| A broad spectrum , inhibits DNA transcription, name ends in 'xacin' | Fluoroquinolones
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| Inhibits cell wall synthesis, Bata-Lactam antibiotic, similar to penicillin, names begin with 'cef' | Cephalosporins
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| Vancomycin belongs to this group, inhibits cell wall synthesis, | Lipoglycopeptides
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| Prevents Folic Acid synthesis, works on G- and G+ ,names begin with 'sulf' | Sulfonamides
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| Clavulanic Acid inhibits what | Inhibits the Beta-Lactam Enzymes from microbes, is added to penicillins
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| Macrolide Polyenes and Azoles | AntiFungal , Causes loss of membrane permeability
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| Most used drug for Malaria , antiprotozoan | Artemisinin
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| Quinine, Chloroquine, and Primaquine are | Antiprotozoans
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| Broad spectrum drugs for Roundworms | Mebendazoles and Albendazoles
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| Drugs for Fluke and Tapeworms | Praziquantel and Ivermectin
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| Define Antegen | The way a drug acts that causes a allergic reaction
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| Drug that inhibits DNA synthesis | Fluoroquinolones
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