ch 2 populations
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| demography | the study of general population trends
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| population density | number of people per unit area of land
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| arithmetic population density | number of people per unit area of land (calculate by dividing population of area by amount of land)
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| population distribution | description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live
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| dot maps | thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon; for example, a map where one dot represents 100,000 people
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| megalopolis | an urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington DC in the south to Boston, MA in the north
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| natural increase rate | subtracts crude death rates from crude birth rates for overall increase
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| crude birth rate (CBR) | number of live births per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year
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| crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per 1000 among a population in an area in a year
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| contraceptive prevalence rate | percent of women who are currently using or have a sexual partner who is using a method of contraception
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| doubling time | time required for a population to double in size
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| total fertility rate (TFR) | the average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age
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| old-age dependency | number of people 65 years or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population)
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| child dependency ratio | number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population)
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| population composition | structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education
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| population pyramids | a graphic representation of the age and sex composition of a population
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| demographic transition | observation that a country's birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development; model is based on population change in western Europe
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| zero population growth | a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births
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| infant mortality rate (IMR) | probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year
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| life expectancy | the average number of years a person is expected to live
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| epidemiological transition | change in the pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies
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| infectious diseases | diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites; infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human
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| degenerative/chronic diseases | generally long-lasting afflictions, now more common because of longer life expectancies
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| genetic/inherited diseases | diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans
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| malaria | vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitos
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| expansive population policies | government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
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| eugenic population policies | government policies designed to limit population growth among a certain group of people
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| restrictive population policies | government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist)
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