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AP Human Geography

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Term
Definition
demography   study of general population trends  
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population density   number of people per unit area of land  
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arithmetic population density   number of people per unit area of land. to calculate: divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km)  
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population distribution   description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live  
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dot maps   thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon. for example, a map where one dot represents 100,000 people  
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megalopolis   an urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, DC in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north.  
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natural increase rate   subtracts the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; does not include immigration or emigration  
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crude birth rate (CBR)   number of live births per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year  
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crude death rate (CDR)   number of deaths per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year  
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contraceptive prevalence rate   percent of women who are currently using or have a sexual partner who is using a method of contraception  
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doubling time   time required for a population to double in size  
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total fertility rate (TFR)   the average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age  
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old-age dependency ratio   number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population)  
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child dependency ratio   number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population)  
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population composition   structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education  
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population pyramids   a graphic representation of the age and sex composition of a population  
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demographic transition   observation that a country's birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development. model is based on population change in western Europe  
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zero population growth   a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births  
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infant mortality rate (IMR)   probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year  
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life expectancy   on average how long a citizen of a given country can expect to live  
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epidemiological transition   change in the pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies  
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infectious diseases   diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human  
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degenerative diseases   another name for chronic diseases, afflict middle-aged and old-aged people.  
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genetic or inherited diseases   diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans  
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malaria   vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes.  
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expansive population policies   government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth  
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eugenic population policies   government policies designed to limit population growth among a certain group of people  
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restrictive population policies   government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist)  
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