Middle East 1, Ancestors of the West, Judaism
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| Diaspora | During the middle ages, Jews began to be wildly persecuted
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| Tanakh | Hebrew Scripures that are divided into three parts: The Torah, The Prophets, & The Writings
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| Shema | The foundation of Jewish belief; "Hear, O Israel, the Lord our god, the Lord is one"
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| Torah | "teachings" or "instructions"; refers to the first five books of the Bible
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| Rings of Interpretation | 1) Written Torah -> Oral Torah 2) Mishnah- 200 CE 3) Talmud- based on Mishnah
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| Covenant | an agreement between God & Israelites (Abraham)
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| Rosh Hashanah | Festival of the new year- early fall
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| Yom Kippur | Day of Atonement (repentance and confession)
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| Passover | early spring- lasts 8 days; commemorates Exodus
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| Rites of Passage | 1) Birth and naming 2) Coming of age 3) Marriage 4) Death & Mourning
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| Reform Jews | Have taken on modern society and ways, don't eat kosher
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| Orthodox | Strict beliefs, eat strictly kosher
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| Conservative | take on some modern society, eat kosher
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| Wailing Wall | most symbolically important landscape; at the edge of Temple Mount in Jerusalem
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| Jerusalem in major religions | Sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims
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| The Promise Land | Canaan in the Bible; Palestine by the Romans; Israel since 1948
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| 1948 | The Promise Land was named Israel
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| Patriarchs | Abraham, Isaac, & Jacob
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| 2000-1500 B.C. | 12 tribes of Israel; 12 sons of Jacob
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| 1290 BCE | Moses led the Hebrews our of slavery in Egypt and into the Promised Land-> Descendants arrived in Canaan;
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| 1000-928 B.C. | David unites the southern and northern kingdom
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| 721 BCE | kingdom was conquered by Assyrians
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| 587 B.C. | Kingdom was exiled
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| 515 B.C. | Temple rebuilt
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| 332 B.C. | Greek Conquest of Palestine under the rule of Alexander the Great
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| 66 A.D. | Jewish War
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| 63 B.C. | Roman Empire seizes control of the area
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| 70 C.E | exile and nero
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| 7th century | Classical Period continued until the Muslims conquered Palestine
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| Prophets | Speak the word of God
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| Central Authority | not vested in a single person; rests in tradition and writings
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| Interfaith conflict in Israel | Judaism, Christianity, and Muslim, all claimed that they had the same holy land it caused conflict between the three
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| Zionism | the international political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish people
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| Zoroastrianism | followers in india; the Parsis of India; Zarathustra is the founder (6th century B.C.); monotheistic; 17 hymns or Gathas are oldest part of the Avesta
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| Ahura Mazda | one true god of Zoroastrianism
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| Shaitih | devil type figure of Zoroastrianism; hostile spirit
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| 750 B.C. | Homer
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| 323 B.C. | Death of Alexander the Great
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| Homeric Religion | polytheistic
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| Olympic Games | honored Zeus; held at Olympia
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| Oracles | Gods communicated their desires and intentions through direct conversations with heroes, dreams ominous signs; Delphi;
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| Mystery Religions in Greece | Offered alternative view to dark, Homeric view of afterlife; 3 Aspects: 1) individuals chose to be members and underwent initiation ritual 2) experienced personal encounter with deity 3) could hope for a better afterlife and spiritual renewal
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| Mystery Religions in Rome | conquered large areas and adopted cultures and religions; Mithraism (favored cult of the Roman Army); Cult of goddess Isis (theme of overcoming death); Emperor worship- some emperors declared their divinity
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