General Biology II - Overview of Animal Diversity
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| animals are efficient (producers/consumers) | consumers
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| animals are __________ | multicellular, heteroprophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers
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| what does heterotroph mean | an organism that feeds by ingesting food then using enzymes to digest said food within food
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| animals are multicellular but lack _______________ | support from cell walls
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| because animal cells are not supported by a cell wall, how do animal bodies support animal cells | external proteins help support animal cells and they connect them to one another (ex. collagen)
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| animal cells are organized into ________________, which consist of groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit | tissue
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| most animal reproduce (sexually/asexually) | sexually
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| in most animals (haploid/diploid) stage dominates their life cycle | diploid
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| in animals haploid sperms and eggs are produced directly by | meiosis
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| what is formed when an animal sperm (motile) and egg (non-motile) meet | a diploid zygote is formed
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| after fertilization the zygote undergoes _________________________, which is the rapid succession of mitotic divisions without cell growth between divisions | cleavage
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| the cleavage of a zygote leads to the formation of multicellular stage called _________________________ (in many animals, this stage takes form of hollow ball) | blastula
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| after the blastula stage is a process called __________________, during which layers of embryonic tissues that develop into body parts are produced and results in developmental stage called _______________ | gastulation; gastrula
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| life cycles of most animals include at least one ___________________ stage (except humans) | laval
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| _____________________ is a sexually immature form of animal, that is morphologically distinct from adult, usually eats different food and may have different habitat than adult | larva
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| larva undergo _________________, which is developmental transformation turns animal into juvenile that resembles adult but is not yet sexually mature | metamorphosis
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| adult animals vary greatly in morphology, but all have similar ______________ that control development and ones that regulate expression of other genes | genes
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| ____________________ are sets of DNA sequences in regulatory genes | homeoboxes
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| most animals share unique homeobox-containing family of genes knowns as ____________ genes | Hox
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| why are Hox genes are important in ___________ | embryo development
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| __________________ are among the simplest of extant animals, they lack Hox genes, but have other homeobox genes | sponges
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| there are about __________________ million extant species of animals that have been identified | 1.3
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| the animal kingdom (is/is not) very diverse and includes coral, cockroaches, and crocodiles | the animal kingdom IS very diverse
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| the closest living relative of animals seem to be | choanoflagellates
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| the _________________ DNA sequence analysis shows that the CCD region of protein domain is not present in choanoflagellates, but highly conserved in animals | Cadherin
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| _________________ are the most generally accepted macroscopic fossils of animals dating from 560 mya | ediacaran biota
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| ediacaran biota resemble ___________________ and others of the period and may be related to sponges and _________________ | molluscs; cnidarians
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| ediacaran biota are (hard/soft) bodied | soft bodied
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| fossils from this time show evidence of ________________ (ex. cloudina fossil with holes bore into its shell frome the attacker) | predation
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| what is the cambrian explosion | a wave of animal diversification about 525 mya, it was sudden and enormous
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| most of the animals that came about during the Cambrian explosion were _____________ | bilaterians
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| what are the bilaterians | an enormous clad whose members have two-sided or bilaterallly symmetric form and complete digestive tract
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| a lot more predator-prey relationships emerged during the __________________ period leading to a decline of soft-bodied organisms | Cambrian
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| Ordovician, silurian, and devonian periods occured after the cambrian explosion with increased animal diversity though punctuated with ________________________ | mass extictions
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| during the ordovician, silurian, and devonian periods ___________________ emerged as the top predators of the marine food chain/web | vertebrates (fish)
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| during the ordovician, silurian, and devonian periods ___________________ were the first animals to adapt to terrestrial habitates | arthropods
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| ______________________ colonized the land around 365 mya | vertebrates colonized the land around 365 mya
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| name the two type of vertebrates that colonized the land around 365 mya and still exist today | 1) amphibians and 2) amniotes (reptiles including birds and mammals)
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| during the _____________ era, animals spread to new habitats and descent with modification led to the origin of tetrapods, wings, and other tools of flight | mesozoic
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| dinosaurs emerged during the ____________________ era | dinosaurs emerged during the MESOZOIC Era
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| the first mammals emerge during the mesozoic ara and were ______________ | nocturnal insect eaters
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| the cenozoic era was ushered in by ________________________ | cenozoic era was ushered in by mass extinctions
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| during the ___________________ era, there was a rise of large mammalian herbivores and predators as mammals rose to prominence | cenozoic
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| a _______________ is a particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into functional whole-living animal | body plan
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| body plan features include | 1) symmetry, 2) tissues, 3) body cavities, 4) protostome and deuterostome development
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| (all/not all) animals are symmetrical to some extent | NOT ALL animals are symmetrical (ex: sponges are not symmetrical)
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| the symmetry of the animal fits __________________ | its lifestyle
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| name the two types of symmetry found in animals | radial and bilarteral symmetry
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| what type of symmetrical is the human body | bilateral symmetry
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| this type of symmetry is like taking an imaginary slice through a central axis and divides the animal into mirror images | radial symmetry
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| _______________ symmetry divides the animals in to left side and right side | bilateral symmetry (right and left)
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| in quadruped animals the dorsal side is | the top (think "dorsal fin" on a shark or killer whale)
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| in quadruped animals the ventral side is | the bottom
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| in quadruped animals the anteriof side is | the front
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| in quadruped animals the posterior side is | the back
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| (all/not all) animals have true tissues | NOT ALL animals have true tissues (ex: sponges and a couple others)
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| tissues originate while the animal is still in embryo, they arise from specific layers during gastrulation, forming ______________________ | germ layers
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| name the two main germ layers that occur in all animals | ectoderm and endoderm
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| this germ layer covers the surface of embryo and gives rise to the outer covering in animals, sometimes to nervous system | ectoderm - gives rise to the outer covering of animals
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| in embryos this is the innermost germ layer which lines the ouch that forms during the gastrulation (archenteron) and gives rise to the lining of the digestive track (or cavity) and organs such as liver and lungs of vertebrates | endoderms - gives rise to the inner organs such as lungs, liver, and digestive organs
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| when the embryo of an animal has only two germ layers they are said to be _________________ | diploblastic (includes only endoderm and ectoderm)
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| bilaterally symmetrical animals have a third germ layer called __________________ | mesoderm
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| the mesoderm eventually forms into what tissues/organs | muscles and most other organs between digestive tract and outer covering of the animal
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| Cnidrarians are (diploblastic/triploblastic) | cnidrarians are DIPLOBLASTIC
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| animal embryos with that include a mesoderm during gastrulation phase are said to be | triploblastic
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| most animals that are triploblastic (will/will not) have a body cavity | triploblastic animals WILL have body cavities
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| what are body cavities | fluid-filled or air-filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall
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| those animals who have body cavities are called | coelum
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| a "true" coelum froms from the ______________________ germ layer and animals with a coelum are called _________________ | mesoderm; coelomates
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| a body cavity that forms from the mesoderm AND the endoderm germ layers are called ______________________ and the animals that form this way as an embryo are called ___________________________ | pseudocoelum; pseudocoelomates
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| a pseudocoelum (is/is not) a fully functioning body cavity | psuedocoelum IS a fully functioning body cavity
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| animals that lack body cavities are | acoelomates
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| what is the function of body cavities | to suspend organs and help prevent internal injury
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| what is unique about an earthworms' coelum | it contains non-compressible fluid that acts as a skeleton against which muscles can work
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| the unique coelum in an earthworm has another name, it is called the _____________________________ | hydrostatic skeleton
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| what distinguishes the difference between protostome and deuterostome development | differences in cleavage, coelum formation, and fate of blastopore
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| animals with protostome development undergo _________________ cleavage | animals with protostome development undergo SPIRAL cleavage
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| in embryos with spiral cleavage, the planes of cell division is ____________________________________ | diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo
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| what is a determinate cleavage | a rigidly cast developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early
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| deuterostome development is characterized by __________________ cleavage | deuterostome development is characterized by RADIAL cleavage
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| embryos with radial cleavage the planes of cell division are __________________________________________ | either parallel to or perpendicular to the vertical axis
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| indeterminate cleavage is | when each cell produced early retains capacity to developer into compete embryo
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| I take a cell out of an embryo and the embryo grows into a fully functioning infant animal but does not have a left arm because that cell was taken out of the embryo. this is an example of (determinate/indeterminate) cleavage | determinate cleavage
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| when developing into the digestive tube it initially forms into a ______________________________ | blind pouch (archenteron) which becomes the gut
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| in a protestome, the archenteron forms from | solid masses of mesoderm splitting and forming coelum
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| in deuterostome development, the archenteron buds from | the mesoderm and a cavity becomes the coelum
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| define a blastopore | indentation that during gastrulation leads to formation of archenteron
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| after archenteron develops in most animals a second opening forms at opposite end of gastrula- mostly becoming two openings of the _____________________ | digestive tube
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| in a protostome development the mouth forms from the _____________ | blastopore
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| in deuterostome, the mouth is derived from secondary opening and the blastopore forms the ________________ | anus
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| all animals (do/do not) share a common ancestor | all animals DO share a common ancestor
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| sponges are _________________ animals | sponges are BASAL animals
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| ___________________ is a clade of true animals with true tissues | eumetazoa
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| most animals phyla belong to clade ____________________ (Hint: most animals have bilateral symmetry) | Bilateria
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| what are the three major clades of bilaterians | 1) deuterostomia, 2) ecdysozoa, 3) lophotrochozoa
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| this major bilateria clade sheds their exoskeleton | ecdysozoa
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| this major bilateria clade are known as having lophophore (a crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding) | lophotrochozoa
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