Molecular Genetics
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| DNA replication | process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis.
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| Double helix | shape of a DNA molecule formed when two twisted DNA strands are coiled into a springlike structure and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
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| Nitrogenous base | carbon ring structure found in DNA or RNA that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen: includes adenine,guanine,cytosine,,thymine,and uracil.
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| Codon | set of three nitrogenous bases that represents an amino acid: order of nitrogenous bases in mRNA determines the type and order of amino acids in a protein
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| mRNA | RNA that transports information from DNA in in the nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm
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| rRNA | RNA that makes up the ribosomes: clamps onto mRNA and uses its information to assemble amino acids in the correct order.
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| Transcript | process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make a RNA copy of a DNA strand.
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| tRNA | RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes
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| Translation | process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
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| Chromosomal mutation | mutation that occurs at the chromosome level resulting in changes in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis; caused when parts of chromosomes break off or rejoin incorrectly.
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| Frameshift mutation | mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA; causes a shift in the reading of codons by one base.
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| Mutagen | any agent that can cause a change in DNA; includes high energy radiation, chemicals,or high temperatures.
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| Mutation | any change or random error in a DNA sequence.
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| Point Mutation | mutation in a DNA sequence; occurs from a change in a single base pair.
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| Clone | genetically identical copies of an organism or gene.
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| Gene splicing | in recombinant DNA technology, the rejoining of DNA fragments by vectors and other enzymes.
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| Genetic engineering | method of cutting DNA from one organism and inserting the DNA fragment into a host organism of the same or a different species.
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| Plasmid | small ring of DNA found in bacterial cell that is used as a biological vector.
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| Recombinant DNA | DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different sources.
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| Restriction enzymes | DNA-cutting enzymes that can cut both strands of a DNA molecule at a specific nucleotide sequence.
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| Transgenic organism | organisms that contains functional recombinant DNA from a different organism.
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| Vector | means by which DNA form another species can be carried into the host cell; may be biological or mechanical.
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| Gene therapy | insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders.
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| Human genome | map of the approximately 80 000 genes of 46 human chromosomes that when mapped and sequenced,may provide information on the treatment or cure of genetic disorders.
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| Linkage map | genetic map that shows the location of genes on a chromosome.
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