Physics 3.3 & 3.4
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| show | sweeping, steering the beam, automatically, real time sonography
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| show | the transducer sends out scan lines, a complete scan of the ultrasound beam is called a frame, real-time sonography presents images(frames) in a rapid sequential format
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| show | mechanical, electronic
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| show | oscillating an element, spinning a group of elements, oscillating a mirror, mostly obsolete(some 3D and 4D)
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| electronic scanning | show 🗑
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| array | show 🗑
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| transducer arrays | show 🗑
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| types of arrays | show 🗑
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| linear array | show 🗑
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| linear arrays contain.. | show 🗑
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| show | applying voltage to groups of elements in succession, each group acts as a larger transducer element, sound beam moves across the transducer face from one end to the other and jumps back to the begininng to repeat
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| linear scanning | show 🗑
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| show | the process must be accomplished rapidly, 30 times per second
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| aperture | show 🗑
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| width of image | show 🗑
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| show | paralell scan lines, produced by pulses that originate at different points across the face of the linear array transducer
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| firing sequence | show 🗑
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| Facts: linear sequenced | show 🗑
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| show | convex, curved sequential array, curvilinear array
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| construction | show 🗑
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| operation | show 🗑
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| show | pulses travel out in different direction due to curved shape, produced a SECTOR image
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| show | aka convex, curvilinear, or curved sequenced array, curved shaped image, wide near field, firing is sequenced, electronically focused
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| show | sector, vector or linear phased array, contains a compact line of elements, each element is 1/4 of a wavelength wide
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| show | applying voltage pulses to all elements at almost the same time, usually less than 1 microsecond difference
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| phasing | show 🗑
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| show | aka sweeping the beam, produced by phasing, time differences among the elements are changed continually creating a SECTOR shaped image
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| show | phased array, sector image, "piece of pie shaped," common point of origin on the transducer face
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| show | sector transducer in which the scan lines do not have a common point of origin
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| show | aka sector, vector, vector or sector shaped image, electronic steering and focusing, used for (cardiac, abdominal, neonatal, and endocavitary transducers)
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| focus by phasing | show 🗑
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| show | provides electronic control of focus, the sonographer can change the focal depth
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| show | one pulse can be focused at only one depth, to create a wide focus many (multiple) focuses must be used, multiple focuses require more time to create an image, slows down the frame rate
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| dynamic aperture | show 🗑
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| show | slice thickness, section thickness, z axis, elevation axis, 3rd dimension of the ultrasound beam, the depth
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| two dimensional arrays | show 🗑
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| two dimensional arrays have the ability to... | show 🗑
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| show | with 100s or 1000s of elements have the ability to steer and focus in two dimensions rather than one, rapid electronic volume imaging is thus created
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| grating lobes | show 🗑
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| apodization | show 🗑
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| show | phasing applied to linear sequenced array, used to steer pulses in various directions, initiate pulses at various starting points across the array, allows more elements to be used, thus larger aperture and focal depth
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| show | scan lines originates from different points across the front of the transducer, they travel out in different directions, shaped similar to a sector image but has a flat footprint
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| parallelograms | show 🗑
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| show | consists of several concentric ring shaped transducers, focused by phasing
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| focusing | show 🗑
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| show | annular arrays cannot steer the beam, the beam is steered mechanically
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| hybrid transducer | show 🗑
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| electronic focusing | show 🗑
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| dynamic focus | show 🗑
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| 3D transducers | show 🗑
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| freehand | show 🗑
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| mechanical | show 🗑
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| show | aka 2D array or matrix array, real-time volume imaging, transducers have up to 10,000 elements,
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| 4D imaging | show 🗑
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| resolution | show 🗑
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| types of resolution | show 🗑
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| resolutions | show 🗑
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| detail(spatial) resolution | show 🗑
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| detail resolution | show 🗑
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| show | detail resolution is a numerical value
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| show | the better the detail resolution
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| show | L longitudinal
A axial
R range
D depth
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| defintion | show 🗑
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| axial resolution = | show 🗑
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| show | 2 structures for each structure to be recorded
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| show | SPL divided by 2
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| show | the SPL must be reduced
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| show | # of cycles x wavelength
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| show | higher frequency
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| reduce # of cycles | show 🗑
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| useful frequency range | show 🗑
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| imaging depth | show 🗑
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| show | minimum separation between tow reflectors that can produce two separate echoes, reflectors are in a plane perpendicular to the sound beam
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| show | L lateral
A azimuthal
T transverse
A angular
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| show | beam width
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| show | is determined by both the frequency and the diameter of the element, higher frequency = shorter NZL (best lateral resolution at the focus)
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| show | numerical value, the smaller the number the better the resolution, less distance is needed between the structures to image both the structures
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| distance | show 🗑
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| show | focusing
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| show | focus. transducers have better axial resolution than lateral
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| elevational resolution | show 🗑
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| improvement by... | show 🗑
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| contrast resolution | show 🗑
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| show | the ability to display structures in real time, related to equipment
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| show | contrast resolution plays a big part in overall resolution, the best transducer resolution will be of no value without good equipment resolution
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