A&P II - Human Urinary System
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| name three functions of the urinary system | 1) filter/collect/eliminate nitrogenous wastes, 2) regulate blood chemistry, blood pressure, and blood volume, 3) receives 1/5 of body's blood flow
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| the kidneys receives roughly _____________ of the body's blood | the kidneys receive approx. 1/5 of body's blood
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| where on the kidneys do the blood vessels and nerves enter/exit? | the blood vessels and nerves enter/exit in the hilum of the kidneys
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| what part of a nephron is inside the renal cortex | renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, (beginning and ending) of nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
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| there are two types of nephrons, name them | 1) juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron
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| the (juxtamedullary/cortical) nephron has a longer nephron loop | the juxtamedullary nephron has a longer nephron loop
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| name the four parts of the nephron loop in order | thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb
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| name the three processes that the kidneys use to make urine | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
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| where does tubular reabsorption occur (what part of the nephron) | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
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| where in the nephron does tubular secretion occur | proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
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| where is the urine solute concentration adjusted | the concentration of urine is adjusted in the COLLECTING DUCTS
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| about how much urine does the adult human produce in a day | 1 to 2 Liters
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| what does glomerular filtrate consist of | water, salts, urea, glucose
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| what does GFR stand for | Glomerular filtration rate
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| how is glomerular filtration rate measured | byt the amount of filtrate formed per minute by ALL nephrons in BOTH kidneys
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| what controls the glomerular filtration rate | it is controlled by vasoconstriction/vasodilation of afferent and efferent arterioles
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| what is the average about of filtrate created by the glomerulous | 125 mL/min or 180 L/day
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| what hormones regulate GFR | renin-angiotensin system
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| how does a drop in BP affect the juxtaglomerular apparatus | the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin enzyme
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| what happens to the arteriole in the presence of Angiotensin II | efferent arterioles will constrict
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| if efferent arterioles constrict, what happens to glomerular pressure. | glomerular pressure increases when efferent arterioles constrict
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| what happens to the glomerular pressure in the presence of angiotensin II | glomerular pressure increased in the presence of angiotensin II
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| activation of Angiotensin II hormone results in the release of what two other hormones | antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and aldosterone
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| the increase of thirst sensation is in response to the activation of which hormone | activation of angiotensin II hormone results in an increase in thirst
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| activation of angiotensin II, (increases/decreases) retention of Water | angiotensin II increases retention of water
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| activation of angiotensin II, (increases/decreases) blood volume and blood pressure of normal GFR | activation of angiotensin II increases blood volume and blood pressure
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| what is reabsorption | the selective transfer of substances from tubular fluid in to blood
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| what are some items that are reabsorbed | ions (such as sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride), and metabolites (glucoses, amino acids, proteins, and vitamins)
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| what is secretion | the selective transfer of substances from blood into tubular fluid to get rid of wastes
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| what wastes get secreted | creatinine, ammonia, and organic acids and bases, neurotransmitters, histamine, and drugs
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| what kind of test is used to assist in the diagnosis of may urlogic conditions | urinalysis test
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| what kind of analysis should be performed soon after collecting a urine sample | dipstick analysis
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| what are some physical characteristics of urine that are analyzed in a urinalysis | color, pH, transparency, and odor
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| in normal urine what can the color look like | from colorless to deep amber
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| what can urine discoloration depend on | certain foods, bils, and hemoglobin
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| what is normal pH for urine | 4.5 to 8.0
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| what can affect the pH of urine | diet or infection
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| what is pyuria | the presence of pus in urine
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| what could cloudy urine be the results of | pus in urine due to kidney infection
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| what could cause urine to have a sweet smell | diabetes, due to an increased number of ketones
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| name inorganic constituents of urine | nitrites
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| a high level of nitrites in the urine could mean the presence of what? | E. Coli (bacteria) in Urinary Tract
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| a high level of nitrites inc the urine could be an indicator of ________________ | urinary tract infections
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| list 11 organic constituents that can be found on a urine dipstick test | glucose, protein (albumin), ketones, RBC's, Hemoglobin, leukocytes, bilirubin, and urobilinogen
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| what is glycosuria | excess sugar in urine
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| what could glycosuria be an indication of, | excessive carb. intake, DM, liver/pancreatic disease
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| what is albuminuria | urinary protein (albumin) that is in excess of 150 mg/day
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| what conditions could albuminuria be an indication of | excessive protien intake, excessive exercise, pregnancy, kidney trauma, ingestion of heavy metals, and renal disease
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| what is ketonuria | intermediate amount of fat metabolism in urin
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| what conditions could ketonuria be an indication of | uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, and low carb diets
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| what is hematuria | intact read blood cells in urin
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| what conditions could cause hematouria | kidney trauma, calculi, tumors, UTI, or exercise induced (marathon runners)
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| what is hemoglobinuria | hemoglobin released into plasma due to hemolysis of RBC;s
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| what are some possible causes of hemoglobinuria | glomerulonephritis, burns, anemia, sickle cell, transfusion reaction
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| what is the term used for excess leukocytes found in urine | pyuria
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| what conditions could lead to pyuria | abnormally high leukocytes and UTI's
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| what is bilirubinuria | an abnormal amount of bilirubin in urine
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| what conditions could lead to bilirubinuria | liver dysfunction and bile duct obstruction (ex: cirrhosis, hepatitis)
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| what is urobilinogen | a brown pigment produced in intestines from bilirubin
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| what does an absence of brown urobilinogen in stool | bile duct obstruction or renal disease
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| which organ in the urinary system produces urine | kidney
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| which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine | urinary bladder
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| what is the name of the dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures | renal fascia
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| in what part of the kidneys are the renal pyramids located | renal medulla
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| the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the _____________ | renal corpuscle
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| which part of the nephron has two limbs with thick and thin segments | nephron loop
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| which artery bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys | renal artery
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| in which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries | filtration
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| what is the term for the type of transport where two substances cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient | cotransport
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| what is the term for the blood pressure in capillaries of the renal corpuscle | glomerular hydrostatic pressure
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| the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________________ | glomerular filtration rate
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| constriction of the afferent arteriole (decreases/increases) the GFR | decreases the GFR
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| in which area of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed | proximal convoluted tubule
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| in which area of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur | countercurrent multiplication occurs in the nephron loop
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| in which parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions | the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
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| what is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder | ureters
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| the area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the _______________ | trigone
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| what is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced | filtration determines whether urine will be produced
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| ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________________ | ADH stimulated both the distal convoluted and the collecting system
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| what are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protects and anchors the kidneys | fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
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| blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the _______________ | peritubular capillaries
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| in a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the ____________. | proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron
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| what is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated | nephron loop and collecting duct is the primary site for water, sodium, and potassium loss
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| what is not reabsorbed in the nephron loop | bicarbonate is not reabsorbed in the nephron loop
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| what is the primary cite for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate | distal convoluted tubule
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| the filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the ______________________ | renal corpuscle produces 80 liters of filtrate /day
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| 60 to 70 percent of the water is the reabsorbed in the _________________________ | proximal convoluted tubule
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| which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation | the distal convoluted tubule is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation
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| trace the path that blood follows from the renal artery to the glomerulus | segmental artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus
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| trace the path that blood follows from the renal artery to the renal vein | efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobular veins, renal veins
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| name the two parts that make up a nephron | 1) renal corpuscle, 2) renal tubule
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| where is the renal corpuscle located | renal cortex
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| where is the renal cortex located | both the renal cortex and the renal medulla
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| name the two types of nephrons that exist | 1) cortical nephrons, 2) juxtamedullary nephrons
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| _________________ nephrons make up 85% of nephrons and they are located primarily in the cortex | cortical nephrons
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| ___________________ nephrons have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla and have extensive thin segments | juxtamedullary nephrons
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| which nephron are involved in the production of concentrated urine | juxtamedullary nephrons produce concentrated urine
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| what is the functional unit of the kidney | the nephron
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| what are the three functions of the nephron | 1) production of filtrate, 2) reabsorption of organic nutrients, water and ions, 3) secretion of waste products into tubular fluid
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| the kidneys filter the entire body's plasma __________ times daily | 60 times
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| Filtrate contains ________________ | all plasma components except protein
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| filtrate loses ____________________ to become urine | water, nutrients, and essential ions
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| ________________ contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances | urine
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| the fluid that is forced out of capillaries into the Bowman 's space is called _______________________ | glomerular filtrate
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| glomerular filtrate in the tubules is called _________ | tubular fluid
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| why does filtrate and tubular fluid differ | as the fluid travels through the tubules, substances move in and out of the tubules
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| where does water conservation occur | collecting duct
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| in the collecting duct, what is the fluid called | fluid in the collecting duct is called urine
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| in the glomerulus, what percent of plasma volume filters into the glomerular capsule | 20%
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| in the remainder of the nephron, how much tubular fluid is reabsorbed | >19%
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| _________________% of plasma entering the kidneys returns to systemic circulation | >99%
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| what percent of fluid volume is excreted to the external environment as urine | 1%
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| as blood enters the kidneys via the renal artery it (is clean/contains wastes) | contains wastes
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| as blood leaves the kidney via the renal vein it (is clean/contains wastes) | is clean
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| waste products/urine leaves the kidneys via the ___________________ | ureters
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| the arterioles that leave the cortical radiate arteriole and create the ball like glomerulus are the __________________ | afferent arterioles
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| ___________________________ carry blood away from the glomerulus | efferent arterioles
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| the capillaries in the glomerulus are found between two _____________ | capillaries in the glomerulus are found between two arteries
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| the efferent arteriole enters into a regular capillary bed called _________________ | peritubular capillaries
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| to create filtrate, blood plasma needs to pass through what 3 barriers to get into the capsular space | 1) Fenestrated Endothelium, 2) basement membrane, 3) filtration slits
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| fenestrated capillaries allow the passage of ___________________ but not _______________ | relatively large molecules; not blood cells
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| endothelial cells have sightly ___________________ charged glycoproteins on their surface that deny entrance to negatively charged molecules | positively charged
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| the _________________________ does not allow the passage of large and negatively charged molecules | basement membrane
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| filtration slits are formed by the pedicles of the _________________ that created filtration silts | podocytes
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| filtrated is created on the basis of __________________ | size and negatively charged particles
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| during filtration, blood plasma travels from ______________ to _____________ of the nephron | glomerulus capillaries; capsular space
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| molecules smaller than ___________ in diameter pass through freely from blood to capsule | 3 nanometers (3nm)
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| what molecules might pass freely from blood to filtrate | water, sodium, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes
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| what two major components of blood do not cross from the glomerular capillary to the kidney tubule | red blood cells, and protiens
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| filtration is a (active/passive) process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes through a membrane | filtration is a passive process
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| ________________ pressure forces fluid and solutes though a membrane | hydrostatic pressurw
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| give four reason why the glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds | 1) large surface area, 2) filtration membrane is more permeable, 3) higher glomerular blood pressure, 4) higher net filtration pressure
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| why is glomerular blood pressure higher (2 reasons) | 1) arterioles are high-resistance vessels, 2) afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
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| what are the three pressures that contribute to glomerular filtration rate | 1) glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, 2) hydrostatic pressure of the capsular space, 3) the colloid osmotic pressure
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| _________________ is a result of continuous filtration and the presence of fluid in the capsular space | hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space
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| the glomerular filtration is almost _______________________ and has no significant COP | protein-free
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| what forces work to move fluid from capillaries to the capsular space | Glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure
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| the glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure is roughly ____________________ mmHg | 55-60
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| what forces work to move fluid from the filtrate back into the capillaries | blood colloid pressure and capsular space hydrostatic pressure
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| in the glomerular capsule, blood colloid pressure is roughly ____________ mmHg | 32
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| in the glomerular capsule, capsular space hydrostatic pressure is _______________ mmHg | 18
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| what is the net filtration pressure of glomerulus | 10 mmHg = (60-18-32)
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| what are the two mechanisms used to control the GFR | intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism
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| name two factors that help the renal autoregulation that control GFR | tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, myogenic mechanism
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| name two extrinsic mechanisms that control GFR | hormonal and neural controls
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| what hormonal system helps control GFR | the renin-angiotensin system
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| ___________________________ is the ability of the nephron to adjust the blood flow and GFR without external control | Renal Autoregulation
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| under normal conditions autoregulation maintains a (nearly constant/varied) glomerular filtration rate | nearly constant
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| the tubuloglomerular feedback system is ____________-dependent | flow -dependent
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| ___________________________________ senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus | tubuloglomerular feedback
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| myogenic responds to changes in the pressure of _____________________ | renal blood vessels
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| the juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors the fluid entering the ____________ and adjusts the _______________ | distal convoluted tubule; glomerular filtration rate
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| what are the two components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus | 1) the granular/juxtaglomerular cells, 2) the macular densa
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| the _________________ respond to the macula densa to dilate or constrict the afferent arterioles | the granular/juxtaglomerular cells
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| the granular cells act as ______________________________ that sense blood pressure | mechanoreceptors
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| the granular cells release ______________________ when BP decreases | renin
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| the ____________________ is a patch of epithelial tissue at the start of the distal convoluted tubule directly across from the juxtaglomerular cells | macula densa
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| the macula densa senses ___________________ concentration in the tubular fluid | Sodium Chloride
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| if GFR rises, what happens to the flow of tubular fluid | the rate of fluid tubular fluid increases
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| an increased rate of tubular fluid leads to an (increase/decrease) in NaCl reabsorption | Increased tubular flow, leads to a decrease in NaCl reabsorption
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| if GFR rises, what happens to NaCl reabsorption | NaCl reabsorption decreases with the rise of GFR
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| if the reabsorption of NaCl Decreases then the _______________________ senses the change | macula densa sense the change
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| if there is a decrease in NaCl reabsorption, what happens do the macula densa do | macula densa stimulate the granular (or juxtaglomerular) cells and the afferent arteriole contricts
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| if the tubular flow increases what happens to the afferent arteriole | the afferent arteriole constricts
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| if the GFR rises, how does the tubuloglomerular feedback respond | the afferent arteriole diameter decreases
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| the _____________________ mechanism is based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when streched | myogenic mechanism is based on the smooth muscle
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| if blood pressure rises, how does the myogenic mechanism work to keep the GFR consistant | myogenic mechanism constricts the afferent arterioles
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| how does the constriction of afferent arterioles protect the glomeruli | arteriole constriction protects the glomeruli from damaging high BP
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| to help maintain normal GFR, how does the myogenic mechanism respond to low BP | afferent arterioles dilate in response to low BP
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| what chemical signal does the macula densa use to signal the afferent arteriole to constrict | paracrines
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| when the sympathetic nervous system is AT REST, what two things happen | 1) renal blood vessels are maximally dilated, and 2) intrinsic mechanisms are in control
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| under stress, norepinephrine is released by the _______________________; while epinephrine is released by ____________________ | sympathetic nervous system; adrenal medulla
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| in response to stress, what happens in the kidneys/nephrons | afferent arterioles constrict and filtration is inhibited
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| the renin-angiotensin mechanism is stimulated by the ____________ division of the ANS | sympathetic division of the ANS stimulates the renin-angiotensin mechanism
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| renin is released by the __________________ | juxtaglomerular (granular) cells release renin
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| renin release is triggered by _________________ | a reduction in afferent arteriole pressure
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| renin acts on ___________________ to release angiotensin I | angiotensinogen
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| what enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs | angiotensin converting enzyme
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| what happens in response to angiotensin II release | vasoconstriction (a rise in mean arterial blood pressure), and stimulates the release of aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
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| what endocrine organ does angiotensin II stimulate to release aldosterone | adrenal cortex
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| ___________________ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I | renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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| the ______________________ is the location of filtrate processing into urine | renal tubule
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| what three parts of the nephron makeup the renal tubule | 1) proximal convoluted tubule, 2) loop of henle, 3) distal convoluted tubule
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| conversion of glomerular filtrate to urine involves the ___________________ and ____________ of chemicals by tubular reabsorption and secretion | removal and addition
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| reabsorption from _________________ to the __________________ | tubules; blood stream
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| secretion from the ____________________ to the ____________________ | blood stream: tubules
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| the ____________________________ reabsorbs 60-70% of the filtrate volume | proximal convoluted tubule
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| 100% of ______________ in filtrate is reabsorbed (under normal circumstances) | glucose
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| substances are not reabsorbed if_______________ (name 3) | 1) lack carriers, 2) are not lipid soluble, 3) are too large to pass through membrane pores
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| transport maximum reflects ___________________ | the number of carriers in the renal tubules available
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| transport maximum is (limited only to specific substances/nearly every substance) that are actively absorbed | transport maximum exist for nearly every substance
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| what happens when all transport carriers are saturated | then the excess chemicals of that substance are secreted
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| what happens to reabsorption when concentrations rise in tubular fluid | reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated
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| what happens when the concentration is higher than the transport maximum | some materials will remain in the tubular fluid and appear in the urine
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| for glucose reabsorption, the apical membrane has ______________________ carrier proteins | secondary active transport for glucose
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| for glucose reabsorption, the basolateral membrane has _________________ carrier proteins | facilitated diffusion
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| how is osmolality measured | the number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water
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| __________________ reflects the solution's ability to cause osmosis | osmolality
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| how are bodily fluids measured (regarding osmolality) | milliosmols (mOsm)
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| the kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at about 300 mOsm because of ________________________ mechanism | countercurrent mechanism
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