A&P II - Human Urinary System
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| name three functions of the urinary system | show 🗑
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| show | the kidneys receive approx. 1/5 of body's blood
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| show | the blood vessels and nerves enter/exit in the hilum of the kidneys
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| show | renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, (beginning and ending) of nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
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| there are two types of nephrons, name them | show 🗑
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| the (juxtamedullary/cortical) nephron has a longer nephron loop | show 🗑
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| name the four parts of the nephron loop in order | show 🗑
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| name the three processes that the kidneys use to make urine | show 🗑
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| where does tubular reabsorption occur (what part of the nephron) | show 🗑
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| where in the nephron does tubular secretion occur | show 🗑
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| where is the urine solute concentration adjusted | show 🗑
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| about how much urine does the adult human produce in a day | show 🗑
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| show | water, salts, urea, glucose
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| show | Glomerular filtration rate
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| show | byt the amount of filtrate formed per minute by ALL nephrons in BOTH kidneys
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| what controls the glomerular filtration rate | show 🗑
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| show | 125 mL/min or 180 L/day
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| what hormones regulate GFR | show 🗑
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| show | the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin enzyme
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| what happens to the arteriole in the presence of Angiotensin II | show 🗑
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| if efferent arterioles constrict, what happens to glomerular pressure. | show 🗑
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| show | glomerular pressure increased in the presence of angiotensin II
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| show | antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and aldosterone
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| the increase of thirst sensation is in response to the activation of which hormone | show 🗑
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| show | angiotensin II increases retention of water
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| show | activation of angiotensin II increases blood volume and blood pressure
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| what is reabsorption | show 🗑
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| what are some items that are reabsorbed | show 🗑
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| what is secretion | show 🗑
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| show | creatinine, ammonia, and organic acids and bases, neurotransmitters, histamine, and drugs
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| show | urinalysis test
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| what kind of analysis should be performed soon after collecting a urine sample | show 🗑
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| show | color, pH, transparency, and odor
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| show | from colorless to deep amber
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| what can urine discoloration depend on | show 🗑
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| show | 4.5 to 8.0
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| what can affect the pH of urine | show 🗑
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| what is pyuria | show 🗑
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| what could cloudy urine be the results of | show 🗑
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| show | diabetes, due to an increased number of ketones
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| name inorganic constituents of urine | show 🗑
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| a high level of nitrites in the urine could mean the presence of what? | show 🗑
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| show | urinary tract infections
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| list 11 organic constituents that can be found on a urine dipstick test | show 🗑
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| what is glycosuria | show 🗑
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| what could glycosuria be an indication of, | show 🗑
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| show | urinary protein (albumin) that is in excess of 150 mg/day
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| show | excessive protien intake, excessive exercise, pregnancy, kidney trauma, ingestion of heavy metals, and renal disease
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| show | intermediate amount of fat metabolism in urin
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| what conditions could ketonuria be an indication of | show 🗑
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| show | intact read blood cells in urin
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| what conditions could cause hematouria | show 🗑
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| what is hemoglobinuria | show 🗑
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| show | glomerulonephritis, burns, anemia, sickle cell, transfusion reaction
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| show | pyuria
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| what conditions could lead to pyuria | show 🗑
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| what is bilirubinuria | show 🗑
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| what conditions could lead to bilirubinuria | show 🗑
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| what is urobilinogen | show 🗑
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| what does an absence of brown urobilinogen in stool | show 🗑
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| show | kidney
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| which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine | show 🗑
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| what is the name of the dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures | show 🗑
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| in what part of the kidneys are the renal pyramids located | show 🗑
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| show | renal corpuscle
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| which part of the nephron has two limbs with thick and thin segments | show 🗑
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| which artery bring oxygenated blood to the kidneys | show 🗑
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| in which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries | show 🗑
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| what is the term for the type of transport where two substances cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient | show 🗑
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| show | glomerular hydrostatic pressure
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| the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________________ | show 🗑
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| show | decreases the GFR
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| in which area of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed | show 🗑
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| show | countercurrent multiplication occurs in the nephron loop
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| in which parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions | show 🗑
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| show | ureters
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| the area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the _______________ | show 🗑
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| what is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced | show 🗑
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| ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________________ | show 🗑
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| what are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protects and anchors the kidneys | show 🗑
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| blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the _______________ | show 🗑
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| show | proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron
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| what is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated | show 🗑
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| what is not reabsorbed in the nephron loop | show 🗑
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| what is the primary cite for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate | show 🗑
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| the filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the ______________________ | show 🗑
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| show | proximal convoluted tubule
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| which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation | show 🗑
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| trace the path that blood follows from the renal artery to the glomerulus | show 🗑
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| show | efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobular veins, renal veins
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| show | 1) renal corpuscle, 2) renal tubule
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| show | renal cortex
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| where is the renal cortex located | show 🗑
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| show | 1) cortical nephrons, 2) juxtamedullary nephrons
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| show | cortical nephrons
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| ___________________ nephrons have loops of Henle that deeply invade the medulla and have extensive thin segments | show 🗑
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| which nephron are involved in the production of concentrated urine | show 🗑
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| show | the nephron
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| show | 1) production of filtrate, 2) reabsorption of organic nutrients, water and ions, 3) secretion of waste products into tubular fluid
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| the kidneys filter the entire body's plasma __________ times daily | show 🗑
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| show | all plasma components except protein
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| filtrate loses ____________________ to become urine | show 🗑
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| ________________ contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances | show 🗑
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| the fluid that is forced out of capillaries into the Bowman 's space is called _______________________ | show 🗑
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| glomerular filtrate in the tubules is called _________ | show 🗑
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| show | as the fluid travels through the tubules, substances move in and out of the tubules
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| where does water conservation occur | show 🗑
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| in the collecting duct, what is the fluid called | show 🗑
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| in the glomerulus, what percent of plasma volume filters into the glomerular capsule | show 🗑
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| show | >19%
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| show | >99%
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| show | 1%
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| show | contains wastes
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| show | is clean
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| waste products/urine leaves the kidneys via the ___________________ | show 🗑
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| the arterioles that leave the cortical radiate arteriole and create the ball like glomerulus are the __________________ | show 🗑
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| show | efferent arterioles
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| the capillaries in the glomerulus are found between two _____________ | show 🗑
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| the efferent arteriole enters into a regular capillary bed called _________________ | show 🗑
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| to create filtrate, blood plasma needs to pass through what 3 barriers to get into the capsular space | show 🗑
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| fenestrated capillaries allow the passage of ___________________ but not _______________ | show 🗑
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| endothelial cells have sightly ___________________ charged glycoproteins on their surface that deny entrance to negatively charged molecules | show 🗑
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| show | basement membrane
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| filtration slits are formed by the pedicles of the _________________ that created filtration silts | show 🗑
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| show | size and negatively charged particles
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| during filtration, blood plasma travels from ______________ to _____________ of the nephron | show 🗑
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| show | 3 nanometers (3nm)
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| what molecules might pass freely from blood to filtrate | show 🗑
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| show | red blood cells, and protiens
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| filtration is a (active/passive) process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluid and solutes through a membrane | show 🗑
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| show | hydrostatic pressurw
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| give four reason why the glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds | show 🗑
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| show | 1) arterioles are high-resistance vessels, 2) afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
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| show | 1) glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, 2) hydrostatic pressure of the capsular space, 3) the colloid osmotic pressure
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| _________________ is a result of continuous filtration and the presence of fluid in the capsular space | show 🗑
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| show | protein-free
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| show | Glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure
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| the glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure is roughly ____________________ mmHg | show 🗑
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| show | blood colloid pressure and capsular space hydrostatic pressure
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| in the glomerular capsule, blood colloid pressure is roughly ____________ mmHg | show 🗑
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| show | 18
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| show | 10 mmHg = (60-18-32)
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| show | intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism
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| show | tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, myogenic mechanism
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| name two extrinsic mechanisms that control GFR | show 🗑
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| what hormonal system helps control GFR | show 🗑
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| show | Renal Autoregulation
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| show | nearly constant
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| the tubuloglomerular feedback system is ____________-dependent | show 🗑
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| show | tubuloglomerular feedback
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| myogenic responds to changes in the pressure of _____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | distal convoluted tubule; glomerular filtration rate
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| show | 1) the granular/juxtaglomerular cells, 2) the macular densa
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| the _________________ respond to the macula densa to dilate or constrict the afferent arterioles | show 🗑
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| the granular cells act as ______________________________ that sense blood pressure | show 🗑
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| the granular cells release ______________________ when BP decreases | show 🗑
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| show | macula densa
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| the macula densa senses ___________________ concentration in the tubular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | the rate of fluid tubular fluid increases
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| show | Increased tubular flow, leads to a decrease in NaCl reabsorption
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| show | NaCl reabsorption decreases with the rise of GFR
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| show | macula densa sense the change
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| if there is a decrease in NaCl reabsorption, what happens do the macula densa do | show 🗑
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| if the tubular flow increases what happens to the afferent arteriole | show 🗑
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| show | the afferent arteriole diameter decreases
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| show | myogenic mechanism is based on the smooth muscle
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| if blood pressure rises, how does the myogenic mechanism work to keep the GFR consistant | show 🗑
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| how does the constriction of afferent arterioles protect the glomeruli | show 🗑
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| to help maintain normal GFR, how does the myogenic mechanism respond to low BP | show 🗑
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| show | paracrines
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| show | 1) renal blood vessels are maximally dilated, and 2) intrinsic mechanisms are in control
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| under stress, norepinephrine is released by the _______________________; while epinephrine is released by ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | afferent arterioles constrict and filtration is inhibited
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| the renin-angiotensin mechanism is stimulated by the ____________ division of the ANS | show 🗑
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| show | juxtaglomerular (granular) cells release renin
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| renin release is triggered by _________________ | show 🗑
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| show | angiotensinogen
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| what enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | vasoconstriction (a rise in mean arterial blood pressure), and stimulates the release of aldosterone (adrenal cortex)
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| show | adrenal cortex
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| ___________________ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I | show 🗑
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| show | renal tubule
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| what three parts of the nephron makeup the renal tubule | show 🗑
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| conversion of glomerular filtrate to urine involves the ___________________ and ____________ of chemicals by tubular reabsorption and secretion | show 🗑
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| reabsorption from _________________ to the __________________ | show 🗑
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| secretion from the ____________________ to the ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | proximal convoluted tubule
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| show | glucose
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| substances are not reabsorbed if_______________ (name 3) | show 🗑
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| transport maximum reflects ___________________ | show 🗑
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| show | transport maximum exist for nearly every substance
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| what happens when all transport carriers are saturated | show 🗑
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| show | reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated
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| show | some materials will remain in the tubular fluid and appear in the urine
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| for glucose reabsorption, the apical membrane has ______________________ carrier proteins | show 🗑
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| for glucose reabsorption, the basolateral membrane has _________________ carrier proteins | show 🗑
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| show | the number of solute particles dissolved in 1L of water
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| show | osmolality
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| show | milliosmols (mOsm)
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| the kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at about 300 mOsm because of ________________________ mechanism | show 🗑
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