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Lesson 3 [Argument Structure]

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Question
Answer
What is a characterization quest?   Just looking at the argument and trying to figure out something about it                
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How do you get better at seeing argument structure?   Read for Propositions DON'T read for sentences                
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What is a proposition?   Any kind of assertion                
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What structure do all arguments have?   [P] Premise [P] Premise (assumption) ------------------- *conclusion   At least 1 premise and a conclusion              
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What is a conclusion?   Propositions supported by premises                
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Premise key words?   since because for   as after all moreover   in addition given that            
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Conclusion key words?   therefore thus hence   so as a result consequently   It follows that it is clear that            
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What are assumptions?   claims not explicitly stated   must be true for conclusion to be inferred from the premises              
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Steps to breaking down arguments?   locate [underline] the conclusion   find the relevant premises -What conclusion o they support   ID any assumptions in the argument            
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How does a conclusion become necessarily true?   When both premises are true   Conclusion can be "logically inferred" from the conjunction of two premises              
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What does it mean when an argument is "valid"?   Conclusion of an argument can be logically inferred from its premises                
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Game plan for figuring out "main pt." of a characterization quest.?   **Look for conclusion indicators -Conclusion/premise key words -Author's attitude shift [but, however, etc. ] +Any presence of author’s attitude can be indicative of a conclusion [even if it’s not a shift]   -prescriptive statement [should, ought, etc] -proposed explanation for phenomenon   **Answer check -Is it in the stimulus?[yes] -is it supported by something else in the stimulus?[yes] -does it support something else in the stimulus?[no]            
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Example prompts for "main pt." quests.?   "Which one of the following is the [main pt.] of the argument?"   "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the [conclusion] of the argument?"              
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How do role quests. work?   **they pt. you to part of stimulus -we have to figure out what role it plays                
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Role quest. game plan?   1. what are they telling you to ID in stimulus? --bracket that statement   2. underline conclusion and find relevant premises   3. ID role of bracketed statement --premise? --conclusion? --subsidiary conclusion? --something else? [background info/objection to position/claim refuted by argument]   4. pick answer choice that IDs the role w/out mischaracterizing the argument          
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Example prompts for [role] quests.?   "...most accurately describes the [role] played in the..."   "...[figures] in the argument in which of the following ways?"              
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[describe] quest. game plan?   1. underline conclusion and find relevant premises   2. if prevalent argument type[the BIG LIST] --find answer choice that describes it w/out micharacterizing argument   3. if not prevalent argument type --paraphrase how premise(s) support conclusion and find answer choice that describes it w/out mischaracterizing argument            
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How to tell if a prompt is for a Describe quest?   **Ask if they are saying [how?]                
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What is an argument?   Set of propositions   1 or more propositions intended to provide support for another proposition              
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What are premises?   Propositions on which an argument is based   Stated as facts   Intended to support a conclusions            
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What are the prevalent forms of argumentation that [Describe] questions use [BIG LIST]?   **Rejecting Alternatives --req. premise that says I have to do one of 2 things --premises that reject or eliminate some of your choices   **Applying a General Principle --rule/law --premise that says the rule is happening now so we have to follow what the rule says now   **Appealing to an Authority --expert on subject   **Using a Counterexample --has to be claim that they're going against in the argument   **Making an Apology --req premise that 2 things have something in common --premises that something is true about 1 of 2 things   **Using a Line of Reasoning to Draw an Absurd Conclusion (generally 2nd perspective)   **Proposing an Alternative Cause for an Observed Effect **Undermining a Premise or Conclusion (generally 2nd Perspective)   **Offering New Evidence/ Challenging an Assumption (generally 2nd perspective) --points to assumption **Explaining a Phenomenon  
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