Anatomy and Physiology = Bio 2020; CH 18
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| Albumin | A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules.
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| Globulin | A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system.
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| Fibrin | A protein that forms blood clots.
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| Serum | Plasma without the clotting factors.
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| Plasma | The liquid portion of blood connective tissue.
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| Test your knowledge about normal results found during a routine complete blood count test: 1. Red blood count (RBC) | Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood
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| 2. Hemoglobin | Approximately 16 grams (g)/100 mL of blood
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| 3. Hematocrit | Approximately 46% of the total blood volume
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| 4. White blood count (WBC) | Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood
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| 5. Platelet | 250,000–400,000 per microliter of blood
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| Blood contains numerous _______ red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called _____. | biconcave, plasma
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| The numerous red cells are also called ___________. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei. | erythrocytes
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| There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called _________, or white blood cells. | leukocytes
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| Blood is located within the ________ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules. | cardiovascular
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| Formed Element | White blood cells; Neutrophils; Eosinophils; Basophils
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| Plasma | Elecetrolytes; Water; Proteins; Wastes
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| ______ blood cells are the most common cells found in blood. | Red
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| There are about five ________ red blood cells in each microliter of blood. | million
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| These cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 3 to 4 ______. | months
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| When they die, they are destroyed by _______ in the liver and spleen. | macrophages
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| This process releases _____ to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted. | iron
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| Granulocytes | Neutrophil; Basophil; Eosinophil
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| Agranulocyte | Monocyte; T-lymphocyte; B-lymphocyte; Macrophage; Plasma cell
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| Albumin | Protein that maintains osmotic pressure
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| Globulin | Transports lipid Alpha and beta
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| Gamma globulin | A type of antibody for defense
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| Fibrinogen | Helps with blood clotting
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| Plasma gases | Used and produced during cellular respiration
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| Plasma nutrients | Vitamins, lipids, sugar, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes
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| Nonprotein nitrogenous substances | Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids
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| The structure of hemoglobin consists of ____________ chains. | four
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| Two of the chains are ____________ and two are beta proteins. | alpha
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| Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____________ group. | heme
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| This group contains a(n) ____________ ion in the center. | iron
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| There are four of these groups that will bind ____________ for delivery to body tissues. | oxygen
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| Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. |
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| 1. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen ____________ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. | transport
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| 2. When detected ____________ is produced and secreted. | erythropoietin
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| 3. The hormone will stimulate the red bone marrow to ____________ RBCs. | produce
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| 4. This will result in an increase of ____________ transport throughout the body. | oxygen
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| 5. Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ____________ feedback loop. | negative
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| There are ____________ hemostatic mechanisms. | three
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| First, ____________ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. | vascular
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| In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation. | aggregate
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| ____________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss. | Coagulation
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| Transportation | Distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body; Mechanism of hormone distribution; Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs
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| Protection | Platelets mechanically and chemically work to plug holes in blood vessels due to trauma
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| Regulation | Vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to temperature changes
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| Transportation | Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body; Movement of urea to the kidneys; Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to the lungs
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| Protection | Formed elements help destroy pathogens; Globulins sequester and contribute to the elimination of infectious agents
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| Regulation | Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases
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| Erythrocyte | Transportation of respiratory gases
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| Lymphocyte | Differentiate into cells that produce antibodies
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| Neutrophil | Increase in number during bacterial infections
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| Basophil | Vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function
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| Eosinophil | Increase in number during parasitic infections
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| Monocyte | Involved with immune clearance
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| Erythrocyte | Transport respiratory gases
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| Lymphocyte | Includes B- and T-cell subpopulations; Destroy cancerous and virally infected cells
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| Neutrophil |
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| Basophil | Produce histamine and heparine; Initiate the inflammatory response
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| Eosinophil | Increase in number during parasitic infections
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| Monocyte | Differentiate into tissue macrophages
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| Coagulation | Also known as clotting; Includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms; Includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver
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| Platelet Plug Formation | Involves the disruption of prostacyclin; Involves endothelial collagen exposure
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| Vascular Spasm | The first stage in hemostasis
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| Viscosity | The resistance of a fluid to flow; Results from the cohesion of a fluid's particles; The thickness or stickiness of a fluid; When elevated the blood flows sluggishly
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| Osmolarity | Governs the rate of reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid; Fluid transfer depends on a balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption
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| First, match the common name with the function and then match the common name with the scientific name. |
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| About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. | Red blood cells (RBCs); Erythrocytes
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| Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity. | White blood cells (WBCs); Leukocytes
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| Tiny cell fragments; making a negligible contribution to plasma volume; are involved in blood clotting. | Platelets; Thrombocytes
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| Basophils | Release histamine, which promotes inflammation.
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| Lymphocytes | The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus.
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| Eosinophils | Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin.
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| Neutrophils | The most common type of white blood cells.
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| Neutrophils | Two- to four-lobed nuclei.
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| Monocytes | Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances.
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| Basophils | Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes.
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| Anticoagulants | Prevents clot formation
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| Antithrombin | Prevents clot formation
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| Heparin | Prevents clot formation
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| Fibrinogen | Required for clot formation
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| Thrombin | Required for clot formation
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| Plasmin | Breakdown clots
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| Plasminogen | Breakdown clots
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| Streptokinase | Breakdown clots
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| The percentage of the volume of ____________ in the blood is called the hematocrit. | all formed elements
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| This medical dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from the clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of ____________ . | only erythrocytes
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| Hematocrit values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males tend to have a hematocrit ranging between ____________ , whereas adult females’ hematocrits range from ____________ . | 42% and 56%; 38% to 46%
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| Males have a ____________ hematocrit because ____________ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone ____________ , which promotes erythrocyte production. | higher; testosterone; erythropoietin
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| Hemopoiesis occurs in ____________ of certain bones. | red bone marrow
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| The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called ____________ . | hemocytoblasts
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| They produce two different lines for blood cell development: The ____________ forms (1) erythrocytes, (2) all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and (3) megakaryocytes. | myeloid line
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| The ____________ forms only lymphocytes. The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____________ . These molecules are all growth factors. | lymphoid line; colony-stimulating factors
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| Blood is also considered a ____________ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products. | solution
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| Polar substances like ____________ and charged substances like ____________ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like ____________ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a ____________ . | glucose; salts; cholesterol; transporter protein
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| The production of platelets is called ____________ . | thrombopoiesis
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| From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a ____________ is produced. | megakaryoblast
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| It matures under the influence of the hormone ____________ to form a ____________ . These cells have a large size and a dense, multilobed nucleus. | thrombopoietin; megakaryocyte
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| Each of these large cells produce long extensions from themselves called ____________ . | proplatelets
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| While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow “slices” these extensions into ____________ . | platelets
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| Platelets are sometimes called ____________ . | thrombocytes
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| Platelets are continually produced in the ____________ by ____________ . | red bone marrow; megakarycytes
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| Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ____________ , although the count may rise further during times of stress. | 150,000 to 400,000
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| Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ____________ . | thrombocytopenia
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| When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in hemostasis to occur is ____________ . This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. | vascular spasm
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| This continues during the next phase, as both ____________ and the ____________ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. | platelets; endothelial cells
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| The first phase usually lasts ____________ . | from a few to many minutes
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| The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ____________ . | vasoconstriction
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| When a blood vessel is damaged, the ____________ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. | collagen
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| Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called ____________ . | von Willebrand factor
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| As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____________ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. | long processes
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| As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) ____________ develops to close off the injury. | platelet plug
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| This is a ____________ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. | temporary
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| Platelets undergo this morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ____________ releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis. | degranulates
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| Albumins | Most abundant; Transport hormones and fatty acids
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| Globulins | Transport iron and lipids
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| Fibrinogen | Becomes long, insoluble strands when activated
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| Regulatory Proteins | Enzymes
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| Albumins | Smallest; Maintain blood pressure and volume
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| Globulins | Antibodies
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| Fibrinogen | Involved in blood clotting
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| Regulatory Proteins | Hormones
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| Calcium | Muscle contraction; Second messenger
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| Chloride | Component of gastric acid
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| Glucose | Fuel molecule for cellular respiration
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| Cholesterol | Plasma membrane component
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| Neutrophils | 50-70%; Elevated in acute stress
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| Lymphocytes | 20-40%; Elevated in viral infections
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| Eosinophils | 1-4%; Elevated in allergic reactions
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| Monocytes | 2-8%
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| Basophils | <1%
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| Neutrophils | Elevated in tissue necrosis; Decreased with radiation therapy
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| Lymphocytes | Elevated in multiple myeloma; Decreased with HIV and sepsis
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| Eosinophils | Elevated in parasitic infections
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| Monocytes | Decreased in prolonged steroid therapy
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| Basophils | Elevated in myeloproliferative disorders; Decreased in acute allergic reactions
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| Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot. | plasmin
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| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | platelets
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| Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water. | 92
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| The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called | hemoglobin
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| The line of blood cell development that results in the formation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except for lymphocytes is the ____________ line. | myeloid
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| Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets. | They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.
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| The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are | erythrocytes
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| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) | eosinophil
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| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) | bacterial infection
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| The first stage of hemostasis is ___________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly. | vascular spasm
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| When blood loss is severe, the __________ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most. | sympathetic
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| Anemia is more likely with increasing age because | the amount of red bone marrow decreases
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| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | are broken down by macrophages into amino acids.
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| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | is transported by transferrin to the liver; is transported by transferrin to the spleen; is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow; *All correct*
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| The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is | heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, and urine.
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| Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. | True
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| Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. | True
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