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HW/ ch 18
Anatomy and Physiology = Bio 2020; CH 18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Albumin | A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules. |
| Globulin | A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system. |
| Fibrin | A protein that forms blood clots. |
| Serum | Plasma without the clotting factors. |
| Plasma | The liquid portion of blood connective tissue. |
| Test your knowledge about normal results found during a routine complete blood count test: 1. Red blood count (RBC) | Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood |
| 2. Hemoglobin | Approximately 16 grams (g)/100 mL of blood |
| 3. Hematocrit | Approximately 46% of the total blood volume |
| 4. White blood count (WBC) | Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood |
| 5. Platelet | 250,000–400,000 per microliter of blood |
| Blood contains numerous _______ red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called _____. | biconcave, plasma |
| The numerous red cells are also called ___________. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei. | erythrocytes |
| There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called _________, or white blood cells. | leukocytes |
| Blood is located within the ________ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules. | cardiovascular |
| Formed Element | White blood cells; Neutrophils; Eosinophils; Basophils |
| Plasma | Elecetrolytes; Water; Proteins; Wastes |
| ______ blood cells are the most common cells found in blood. | Red |
| There are about five ________ red blood cells in each microliter of blood. | million |
| These cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 3 to 4 ______. | months |
| When they die, they are destroyed by _______ in the liver and spleen. | macrophages |
| This process releases _____ to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted. | iron |
| Granulocytes | Neutrophil; Basophil; Eosinophil |
| Agranulocyte | Monocyte; T-lymphocyte; B-lymphocyte; Macrophage; Plasma cell |
| Albumin | Protein that maintains osmotic pressure |
| Globulin | Transports lipid Alpha and beta |
| Gamma globulin | A type of antibody for defense |
| Fibrinogen | Helps with blood clotting |
| Plasma gases | Used and produced during cellular respiration |
| Plasma nutrients | Vitamins, lipids, sugar, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes |
| Nonprotein nitrogenous substances | Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids |
| The structure of hemoglobin consists of ____________ chains. | four |
| Two of the chains are ____________ and two are beta proteins. | alpha |
| Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____________ group. | heme |
| This group contains a(n) ____________ ion in the center. | iron |
| There are four of these groups that will bind ____________ for delivery to body tissues. | oxygen |
| Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order. | |
| 1. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen ____________ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver. | transport |
| 2. When detected ____________ is produced and secreted. | erythropoietin |
| 3. The hormone will stimulate the red bone marrow to ____________ RBCs. | produce |
| 4. This will result in an increase of ____________ transport throughout the body. | oxygen |
| 5. Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ____________ feedback loop. | negative |
| There are ____________ hemostatic mechanisms. | three |
| First, ____________ spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. | vascular |
| In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____________ and undergo degranulation. | aggregate |
| ____________ finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss. | Coagulation |
| Transportation | Distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body; Mechanism of hormone distribution; Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs |
| Protection | Platelets mechanically and chemically work to plug holes in blood vessels due to trauma |
| Regulation | Vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to temperature changes |
| Transportation | Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body; Movement of urea to the kidneys; Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to the lungs |
| Protection | Formed elements help destroy pathogens; Globulins sequester and contribute to the elimination of infectious agents |
| Regulation | Bicarbonate buffers acids and bases |
| Erythrocyte | Transportation of respiratory gases |
| Lymphocyte | Differentiate into cells that produce antibodies |
| Neutrophil | Increase in number during bacterial infections |
| Basophil | Vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function |
| Eosinophil | Increase in number during parasitic infections |
| Monocyte | Involved with immune clearance |
| Erythrocyte | Transport respiratory gases |
| Lymphocyte | Includes B- and T-cell subpopulations; Destroy cancerous and virally infected cells |
| Neutrophil | |
| Basophil | Produce histamine and heparine; Initiate the inflammatory response |
| Eosinophil | Increase in number during parasitic infections |
| Monocyte | Differentiate into tissue macrophages |
| Coagulation | Also known as clotting; Includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms; Includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver |
| Platelet Plug Formation | Involves the disruption of prostacyclin; Involves endothelial collagen exposure |
| Vascular Spasm | The first stage in hemostasis |
| Viscosity | The resistance of a fluid to flow; Results from the cohesion of a fluid's particles; The thickness or stickiness of a fluid; When elevated the blood flows sluggishly |
| Osmolarity | Governs the rate of reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid; Fluid transfer depends on a balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption |
| First, match the common name with the function and then match the common name with the scientific name. | |
| About 95% of the volume of the formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. | Red blood cells (RBCs); Erythrocytes |
| Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity. | White blood cells (WBCs); Leukocytes |
| Tiny cell fragments; making a negligible contribution to plasma volume; are involved in blood clotting. | Platelets; Thrombocytes |
| Basophils | Release histamine, which promotes inflammation. |
| Lymphocytes | The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus. |
| Eosinophils | Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin. |
| Neutrophils | The most common type of white blood cells. |
| Neutrophils | Two- to four-lobed nuclei. |
| Monocytes | Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances. |
| Basophils | Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes. |
| Anticoagulants | Prevents clot formation |
| Antithrombin | Prevents clot formation |
| Heparin | Prevents clot formation |
| Fibrinogen | Required for clot formation |
| Thrombin | Required for clot formation |
| Plasmin | Breakdown clots |
| Plasminogen | Breakdown clots |
| Streptokinase | Breakdown clots |
| The percentage of the volume of ____________ in the blood is called the hematocrit. | all formed elements |
| This medical dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from the clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of ____________ . | only erythrocytes |
| Hematocrit values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males tend to have a hematocrit ranging between ____________ , whereas adult females’ hematocrits range from ____________ . | 42% and 56%; 38% to 46% |
| Males have a ____________ hematocrit because ____________ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone ____________ , which promotes erythrocyte production. | higher; testosterone; erythropoietin |
| Hemopoiesis occurs in ____________ of certain bones. | red bone marrow |
| The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called ____________ . | hemocytoblasts |
| They produce two different lines for blood cell development: The ____________ forms (1) erythrocytes, (2) all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and (3) megakaryocytes. | myeloid line |
| The ____________ forms only lymphocytes. The maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____________ . These molecules are all growth factors. | lymphoid line; colony-stimulating factors |
| Blood is also considered a ____________ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products. | solution |
| Polar substances like ____________ and charged substances like ____________ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like ____________ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a ____________ . | glucose; salts; cholesterol; transporter protein |
| The production of platelets is called ____________ . | thrombopoiesis |
| From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a ____________ is produced. | megakaryoblast |
| It matures under the influence of the hormone ____________ to form a ____________ . These cells have a large size and a dense, multilobed nucleus. | thrombopoietin; megakaryocyte |
| Each of these large cells produce long extensions from themselves called ____________ . | proplatelets |
| While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow “slices” these extensions into ____________ . | platelets |
| Platelets are sometimes called ____________ . | thrombocytes |
| Platelets are continually produced in the ____________ by ____________ . | red bone marrow; megakarycytes |
| Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ____________ , although the count may rise further during times of stress. | 150,000 to 400,000 |
| Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ____________ . | thrombocytopenia |
| When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in hemostasis to occur is ____________ . This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. | vascular spasm |
| This continues during the next phase, as both ____________ and the ____________ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. | platelets; endothelial cells |
| The first phase usually lasts ____________ . | from a few to many minutes |
| The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ____________ . | vasoconstriction |
| When a blood vessel is damaged, the ____________ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. | collagen |
| Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called ____________ . | von Willebrand factor |
| As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____________ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. | long processes |
| As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) ____________ develops to close off the injury. | platelet plug |
| This is a ____________ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. | temporary |
| Platelets undergo this morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ____________ releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis. | degranulates |
| Albumins | Most abundant; Transport hormones and fatty acids |
| Globulins | Transport iron and lipids |
| Fibrinogen | Becomes long, insoluble strands when activated |
| Regulatory Proteins | Enzymes |
| Albumins | Smallest; Maintain blood pressure and volume |
| Globulins | Antibodies |
| Fibrinogen | Involved in blood clotting |
| Regulatory Proteins | Hormones |
| Calcium | Muscle contraction; Second messenger |
| Chloride | Component of gastric acid |
| Glucose | Fuel molecule for cellular respiration |
| Cholesterol | Plasma membrane component |
| Neutrophils | 50-70%; Elevated in acute stress |
| Lymphocytes | 20-40%; Elevated in viral infections |
| Eosinophils | 1-4%; Elevated in allergic reactions |
| Monocytes | 2-8% |
| Basophils | <1% |
| Neutrophils | Elevated in tissue necrosis; Decreased with radiation therapy |
| Lymphocytes | Elevated in multiple myeloma; Decreased with HIV and sepsis |
| Eosinophils | Elevated in parasitic infections |
| Monocytes | Decreased in prolonged steroid therapy |
| Basophils | Elevated in myeloproliferative disorders; Decreased in acute allergic reactions |
| Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot. | plasmin |
| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | platelets |
| Plasma is composed of about ___________ % water. | 92 |
| The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called | hemoglobin |
| The line of blood cell development that results in the formation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except for lymphocytes is the ____________ line. | myeloid |
| Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets. | They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting. |
| The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are | erythrocytes |
| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probably a(n) | eosinophil |
| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) | bacterial infection |
| The first stage of hemostasis is ___________, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly. | vascular spasm |
| When blood loss is severe, the __________ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most. | sympathetic |
| Anemia is more likely with increasing age because | the amount of red bone marrow decreases |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | is transported by transferrin to the liver; is transported by transferrin to the spleen; is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow; *All correct* |
| The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is | heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, and urine. |
| Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. | True |
| Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. | True |
Created by:
svalde1907
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