midterm 2
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| Short duration – high intensity: springing 8-10 seconds | show 🗑
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| show | ^ glycogen
^ duration - top seed remains same
Enzymes: Glycolytic = ^ PFK 83%
^ top speed increase
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| show | • ^ myoglobin 26%
• ^ number 120% & size 40% of mitochondria
• Enzymes: ^ TCA & ETC 40%
• ^ glycogen storage 2.5x
• ^ fatty acid utilization
• Greatest ^ Type IIa & Type IIx
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| High resistance strength training – adaptations | show 🗑
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| show | • As activity levels increase, breathing rateincreases to supply more oxygen for increased ATP production
• As the work of the muscle increases, more and more ATP get consumed and must be replaced in order for the muscle to keep moving.
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| show | • oxygen uptake correlates with increasing speed
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| show | • the oxidative process of the generation of ATP or energy that occurs in the body to provide the body with fuel during both resting and exercise states.
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| show | •Energy is mostly supplied by the hydrolysis of ATP, CP, and anaerobic glycogenolysis (lactate)
• Utilization of storage oxygen
o O2 in Capillary blood & interstitual fluid
o O2 present in sarcoplasm with myoglobin
o O2 present in mitochondria
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| what is O2 deficit | show 🗑
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| Steady state phase (Plateau Phase) | show 🗑
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| show | • Excessive Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption instead of “oxygen debt”
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| Factors responsible for “oxygen debt | show 🗑
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| why EPOC is than bigger O2 deficit | show 🗑
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| Difference in VO2 kinetics during a maximal (heavy) and light exercise | show 🗑
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| show | •Trained person will develop smaller O2 deficit and EPOC, due to faster response of aerobic energy transformation system
^ rate-limiting enzymes: Isocitrate, Cytochrome oxidase
^ TCA intermediary synthesis
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| show | single, supra-maximal workload. Warm up before testing.
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| show | Progressively incremental exercise testing (GXT). The warm up is built into the workout.
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| how do you test VO2 max? | show 🗑
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| Modes | show 🗑
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| show | • maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise; that is, exercise of increasing intensity.
• "V" for volume, "O₂" for oxygen, and "max" for maximum
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| Relative Vo2 max | show 🗑
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| show | better predictor of performance in non-weight-bearing endurance sports and activities
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| Difference between relative and absolute VO2 max? | show 🗑
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| How do we use this for an index of exercise intensity? | show 🗑
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| Who has higher Vo2max in different athletes or sex? | show 🗑
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| Muscle fiber types and Vo2max (%ST and max) | show 🗑
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| What is anaerobic threshold (OBLA | show 🗑
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| show | Descriptive term without a why or how, just what happens
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| Why does he NOT like anaerobic threshold | show 🗑
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| OBLA vs Ventilatory threshold | show 🗑
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| When does OBLA happen | show 🗑
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| three ways lactate production increases | show 🗑
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| How does the removal of lactate become difficult | show 🗑
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| Where does vasodilation and constriction occur? | show 🗑
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| What is lactate turnover rate | show 🗑
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| What happens with endurance trained individuals vs untrained | show 🗑
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| Why is OBLA a better predictor for performance | show 🗑
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| How does training effect OBLA | show 🗑
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| Difference in healthy person compared to McArdle’s | show 🗑
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| Direct Calorimetry | show 🗑
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| Indirect Calorimetry | show 🗑
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| show | • Insulated heat chamber
o No heat in or out
• Mesh tubing
• Person push out CO2
• Take out the CO2 of the chamber & push in O2 to make O2 constant
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| show | CO2 expired : O2 consumed
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| show | • calculate relative contributions (%) of fats and carbohydrates to energy transfor mation and the amounts (grams) of fat and carbohydrates utilized. • Unknown R - 4.82 or 5 Kcal∙LO2-1
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| show | • C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
R = 6CO2 / 6O2
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| show | • C16H32O2 + 23O2 = 16CO2 + 16H2O
R = 16CO2 / 23O2
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| following ratio 0.818 | show 🗑
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| how to calculate R | show 🗑
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| what is energy equivalent of Oxygen? | show 🗑
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| show |
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| Basal metabolic rates (BMR) | show 🗑
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| show | •Absolute rest
•12 hours pos-absorptive state
•12 hours post-exercise
•Overnight restful sleep
•Dimly lit room
•Room temperature 68 to 80º F
•In semi-recumbent position at least 30 to 60 minutes before the measurements of the energy expenditure
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| Resting metabolic rate (RMR) test protocol | show 🗑
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| Factors Affecting BMR | show 🗑
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| show | • 1 MET is the rate of resting energy expenditure or the rate of resting O2 consumption
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| show | • Used to express the rate of energy expenditure or exercise intensity of various physical activities as multiples of BMR
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| calculate energy expenditure from METS | show 🗑
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| E.E. of O2 | show 🗑
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| show | = Vo2 answer × 5 Kcal·LO2-1
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| Actual Rate of E.E. | show 🗑
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| show | • M.E.(gross) = Work output Energy input 100 %
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| show | = given Vo2 × E.E. O2 (4.82 kcal·L-1
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| Energy output | show 🗑
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| show | = given Vo2 – MBR in L
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| show | = Net o2 consumption × E.E. O2 (4.82 kcal·L-1 )
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| show | = Energy output÷ Net energy input x 100 %
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| Three Main functions of nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Brain and Spinal cord
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| show | Afferent and Efferent neurons
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| show | proteins produced to build new dendrites
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| show | transmit impulses towards the cell body
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| show | transmit impulses away from cell body
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| Nucleus | show 🗑
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| Cytoplasm | show 🗑
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| show | protective covering that surrounds fibers called axons, the long thin projections that extend from the main body of a nerve cell or neuron
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| show | Neuron is electrically charged, polarized
Excitability – ability to respond stimuli - altering its polarization.
Conductivity–ability to transmit electrical impulses.
B/c of these characteristics’ neurons can generate and conduct electrical impulses
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| Electrical & chemical gradients are responsible for what | show 🗑
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| show | Inside cell turns positive
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| show | Exits the cell to try and keep electrochemical equilibrium
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| What are voltage regulated Na+ and K+ responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | . The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrance is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy
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| Relative refractory | show 🗑
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| Absolute refractory | show 🗑
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| show | The size of A.P is independent of the stimulus intensity (strength).
No matter the size of the stimulation the AP is ALWAYS be the same. Under stimulation, nothing happens.
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| When does AP actually occur? | show 🗑
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| show | heating tissue heating or peripheral nerve stimulation.
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| What does diameter and length do to the propagation velocity | show 🗑
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| show | • helps prevent the electric current from leaving the axon
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| What does Saltatory conduction do? | show 🗑
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| What does it mean to be frequency coded? | show 🗑
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| What is a synapse? | show 🗑
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| the components of a synapse | show 🗑
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| show | specialized chemical synapses formed at the sites where the terminal branches of the axon of a motor neuron contact a target muscle cell.
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| What do vesicles hold | show 🗑
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| show | number of neurotransmitter vesicles released per Action Potential.
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| show | is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits
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| Starting from AP reaching axon button, release of what neurotransmitter? How do we release this neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine is excitatory at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle, causing the muscle to contract.
When a nerve signal, reaches the end of the axon, the vesicles release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap.
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| How do we stop activation? | show 🗑
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| Why is this Acetylcholinesterase important? | show 🗑
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| show | • The larger is the frequency of APs arriving to the presynaptic terminal, the higher is the frequency of neurotransmitter vesicle released in the synaptic cleft, the larger is the EPP
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| show | inactivates Acetylcholinesterase - Spastic Paralysis – post-synaptic blockade
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| Curare | show 🗑
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| How are we graded at the end plate | show 🗑
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| show | Botulinum Toxin???
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| show | • No overshoot and may go only up to 0 mv
• EPPs are Graded
• Conducted decrementally along the end plate
• very long duration
• no refractory periods
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| What are the four principals’ characteristics of muscle | show 🗑
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| Excitability | show 🗑
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| show | ability to contract and produce a force
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| Extensibility | show 🗑
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| Elasticity | show 🗑
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| show | • Structural support
• Force transmission
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| show | • Epimysium
• Perimysium
• Endomysium
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| show | envelops individual muscles from outside providing structural integrity for the whole muscle
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| show | envelops several hundred muscle fibers forming Fascicles
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| Endomysium | show 🗑
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| What is the tendon and what does it do? | show 🗑
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| What is a muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| Structure component of a muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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| Sarcosol | show 🗑
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| show | Phospholipid bilayer with imbedded proteins
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| Sarcoplasm | show 🗑
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| show | • Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments
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| How do these changes when contractions occur | show 🗑
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| show | • a segment of a muscle fiber or myofibril located between two adjacent Z-disks.
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| show | • in-series (increased range and velocity of contraction) and in-parallel (increased force of contraction)
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| Why do sarcomeres have striations? | show 🗑
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| show | Thick and Thin filaments
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| show | muscle contraction
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| show | sarcolemma
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| show | - is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells.
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| What are the dilated parts of Sarcoplasmic reticulum called? | show 🗑
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| show | t-tubules
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| show | • Sliding Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
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| How does the sliding filament theory occur | show 🗑
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