midterm 2
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show | ^ 25% ATP & 40% CP stores
^ duration - top speed stays same
Enzymes: ^ ATPase 30%, MK 20%, CPK 36%
^ top speed increase
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Short duration – high intensity: springing 20-60 seconds | show 🗑
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show | • ^ myoglobin 26%
• ^ number 120% & size 40% of mitochondria
• Enzymes: ^ TCA & ETC 40%
• ^ glycogen storage 2.5x
• ^ fatty acid utilization
• Greatest ^ Type IIa & Type IIx
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High resistance strength training – adaptations | show 🗑
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show | • As activity levels increase, breathing rateincreases to supply more oxygen for increased ATP production
• As the work of the muscle increases, more and more ATP get consumed and must be replaced in order for the muscle to keep moving.
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show | • oxygen uptake correlates with increasing speed
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what is aerobic metabolism? | show 🗑
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Incremental phase (O2 Deficit) | show 🗑
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what is O2 deficit | show 🗑
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show | • Energy demand of the exercise is completely met by the aerobic phosphorylation. (O2 demand – O2 Supply)
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show | • Excessive Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption instead of “oxygen debt”
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Factors responsible for “oxygen debt | show 🗑
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why EPOC is than bigger O2 deficit | show 🗑
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Difference in VO2 kinetics during a maximal (heavy) and light exercise | show 🗑
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show | •Trained person will develop smaller O2 deficit and EPOC, due to faster response of aerobic energy transformation system
^ rate-limiting enzymes: Isocitrate, Cytochrome oxidase
^ TCA intermediary synthesis
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Single stage | show 🗑
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show | Progressively incremental exercise testing (GXT). The warm up is built into the workout.
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show | Single vs multiple stage
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Modes | show 🗑
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show | • maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise; that is, exercise of increasing intensity.
• "V" for volume, "O₂" for oxygen, and "max" for maximum
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show | better predictor aerobic fitness, health-related fitness, and endurance performance in weight–bearing sports and activities.
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Absolute Vo2 max | show 🗑
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Difference between relative and absolute VO2 max? | show 🗑
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How do we use this for an index of exercise intensity? | show 🗑
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Who has higher Vo2max in different athletes or sex? | show 🗑
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Muscle fiber types and Vo2max (%ST and max) | show 🗑
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What is anaerobic threshold (OBLA | show 🗑
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show | Descriptive term without a why or how, just what happens
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show | • Claims that it’s because anaerobic system as underlying mechanism
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show | •OBLA – increased exercise leads to increase blood lactate
•Ventilatory- refers to the point during exercise at which the intensity level increases, breathing becomes faster; more steadily first and then more rapid as the intensity increases
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When does OBLA happen | show 🗑
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show | -Hormonal stimulating of glycolysis b/c during fight or flight you release a lot of stress hormones that ^ ET
-Blood being shunt away from liver and kidney. B/c function of gluconeogenic organs need that blood to bring lactate to them.
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show |
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Where does vasodilation and constriction occur? | show 🗑
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show | • Percentage of lactate leaving
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show |
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show |
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How does training effect OBLA | show 🗑
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Difference in healthy person compared to McArdle’s | show 🗑
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show | The rate of energy expenditure may be measured by measuring the rate of heat liberated by the body during rest or during various physical activities
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Indirect Calorimetry | show 🗑
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What is the Atwater Rossa | show 🗑
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show | CO2 expired : O2 consumed
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What do we use R for | show 🗑
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show | • C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
R = 6CO2 / 6O2
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show | • C16H32O2 + 23O2 = 16CO2 + 16H2O
R = 16CO2 / 23O2
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show | • C72H112N2O22S + 77O2 = 63CO2 + 38H2O + SO3 + 9CO(NH2)2
R = 63CO2 / 77O2
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show | • R = Vco2 / Vo2
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what is energy equivalent of Oxygen? | show 🗑
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when do you use energy equivalent of Oxygen? | show 🗑
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show | the rate of energy expenditure during absolute rest
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Basal metabolic rates (BMR) test protocol | show 🗑
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Resting metabolic rate (RMR) test protocol | show 🗑
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show | • Weight
• Body Surface Area
• Age & Gender
• Fitness level
• Body composition
• Genetics
• Metabolic disease (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism)
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What is a Metabolic Equivalent? | show 🗑
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show | • Used to express the rate of energy expenditure or exercise intensity of various physical activities as multiples of BMR
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show | • Vo2 = weight kg × 1 MET (3.5 ml·kg-1·min-1) × Given MET
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show | = 5.0 Kcal·L-1
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Estimated rate of E.E | show 🗑
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show | = Given Resting VO2 × Given MET × 1 E.E. (5 Kcal·LO2-1)
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show | • M.E.(gross) = Work output Energy input 100 %
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Energy input | show 🗑
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Energy output | show 🗑
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show | = given Vo2 – MBR in L
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show | = Net o2 consumption × E.E. O2 (4.82 kcal·L-1 )
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M.E. (Net) | show 🗑
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show | • Sensory
• Integratory
• Motor
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Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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show | Afferent and Efferent neurons
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SOMA (CELL BODY) | show 🗑
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Dendrites | show 🗑
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Axon | show 🗑
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show | contains genetic material
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show | synthesis of proteins
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Myelin | show 🗑
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characteristics of neurons | show 🗑
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Electrical & chemical gradients are responsible for what | show 🗑
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influx of Na+ means what? | show 🗑
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Outflux of K+ means what? | show 🗑
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show |
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show | . The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrance is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy
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Relative refractory | show 🗑
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show | - Time elapsed from beginning of stimulation during which another action potential cannot be generated in the cell regardless if stimulus strength.
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What is the all or non-principle | show 🗑
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show | When it passes the simulation threshold
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Eddie currents are responsible for what? | show 🗑
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show | • The larger is the diameter of an axon the greater is the propagation velocity
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Why is myelination important? | show 🗑
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show | Propagation of A.P. trough myelinated axons
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What does it mean to be frequency coded? | show 🗑
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What is a synapse? | show 🗑
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show | i. Presynaptic terminal
ii. Motor end plate
iii. Synaptic cleft
iv. Basal Lamina
v. Quanta
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show | specialized chemical synapses formed at the sites where the terminal branches of the axon of a motor neuron contact a target muscle cell.
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What do vesicles hold | show 🗑
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Quanta | show 🗑
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show | is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits
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show | voltages which cause depolarization of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction
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What is the neurotransmitter responsible for activation of the muscle and what does it exactly do | show 🗑
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show | • Acetylcholinesterase
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show | • stops the signal between a nerve cell and a muscle cell.
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show | • The larger is the frequency of APs arriving to the presynaptic terminal, the higher is the frequency of neurotransmitter vesicle released in the synaptic cleft, the larger is the EPP
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show | inactivates Acetylcholinesterase - Spastic Paralysis – post-synaptic blockade
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show | competitively binds to Ach receptors of Post synaptic membrane - Flaccid Paralysis – post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade
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How are we graded at the end plate | show 🗑
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show | Botulinum Toxin???
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Characteristics of EPP | show 🗑
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show | • Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
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Excitability | show 🗑
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Contractility | show 🗑
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Extensibility | show 🗑
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Elasticity | show 🗑
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What does the connective tissue do for the structure and force | show 🗑
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What are the three connective tissue | show 🗑
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Epimysium | show 🗑
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Perimysium | show 🗑
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show | envelopes each muscle fiber individually
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What is the tendon and what does it do? | show 🗑
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What is a muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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Structure component of a muscle fiber? | show 🗑
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Sarcosol | show 🗑
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show | Phospholipid bilayer with imbedded proteins
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show | Cytosol + organelles (nuclei, mitochondria, filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.).
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What are Myofibrils made of? | show 🗑
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How do these changes when contractions occur | show 🗑
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show | • a segment of a muscle fiber or myofibril located between two adjacent Z-disks.
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show | • in-series (increased range and velocity of contraction) and in-parallel (increased force of contraction)
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Why do sarcomeres have striations? | show 🗑
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The sarcomeres has two myofilaments | show 🗑
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show | muscle contraction
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show | sarcolemma
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What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | show 🗑
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show | Triads
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show | t-tubules
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show | • Sliding Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
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show | • the actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomeres of muscle fibers bind to create cross-bridges and slide past one another, creating a contraction.
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