AP Human Geography Chapter 10
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| what does paleolithic mean | old stone age
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| what are hunter and gathers called | nomads
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| what kind of tools and weapons did they use during the paleolithic era | simple and made out of stone
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| during the paleolithic era, they had __________________ space and _________________ people | much; few
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| what job did the men have during the paleolithic era | hunting
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| what job did the women have during the paleolithic era | gathering
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| about how many people were a part of a family group during the paleolithic era | 50 or less
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| world population 9000 BC | 5-10 million
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| what is the 1st agricultural revolution called | neolithic
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| the emergence of ________________________ agriculture develops ___________________________ in several crop ______________________ | subsistence; independently; hearths
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| taming animals and plants, changes their genetics | domesticaiton
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| did they domesticate plants or animals first | animals
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| what animals did they start domesticating | pigs, goats, sheep, cattle
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| when did they start domesticating plants and animals | 8000 BC (10,000 years ago)
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| Southwest Asia is also known as what region | Mesopotamia/ Fertile Crescent
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| What 2 rivers is Mesopotamia located between | Tigris and Euphrates
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| what plants did they domesticate in Mesopotamia | barley and wheat
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| what animals did they domesticate in Mesopotamia | pigs, cattle, sheep, and dogs
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| East Asia is also known as what region | Yellow River Valley
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| what plants and animals did they domesticate in the Yellow River Valley | rice and chickens
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| Latin America is also know as what region | Yucatan and Incan Peninsula
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| what crops did they domesticate in Latin America | corn, potatoes, squash and beans
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| Sub- Saharan Africa is also know as what region | West Africa
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| what crops were domesticated in West Africa | sorghums, yams, millet, and rice
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| 1st real cultural exchange between the new world and the old world | Colombian Exchange
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| when did the 2nd agricultural revolution approximately take place | 1875
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| what caused the 2nd agricultural revolution | technology from the Industrial Revolution
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| during the 2nd agricultural revolution, fields were much ____________________, but still used the same amount of _______________ | larger; labor
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| many LDCs are still in the ____________________ | 2nd agricultural revolution
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| what is another name for the 3rd agricultural revolution | green revolution
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| when does the green revolution take place | latter half of the 20th century
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| what 4 things are a result of the green revolution | GMOs, fertilizers, irrigation techniques, pesticides
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| is there a correlation between a country's development level and their spatial patterns of access/ isolation? why? | yes, because if a country is more developed then they have other ways of reaching different places so they are less isolated
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| what trend is occurring in developing countries regarding percentage of total employment in agriculture | it is decreasing
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| what factors might be contributing to this trend | people are becoming more dependent on technology in agriculture so they no longer need to depend on other people
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| producing food needed to survive on a daily basis | subsistence agriculture
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| what are the 2 types of subsistence agriculture | extensive and intensive
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| what regions do we find nomadic herding | regions were there is no fertile land
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| what regions do we find shifting cultivation | regions with tropical rainforests
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| yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) | extensive subsistence agriculture
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| does extensive subsistence agriculture represent a large or small percent of world population | small
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| what are the 2 groups of extensive subsistence agriculture | nomadic herding and shifting cultivation
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| what is another name for nomadic herding | pastoral nomadism
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| nomadic herding involves wandering but controlled movement of ____________ | livestock
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| what is nomadic herding solely dependent upon | natural foliage
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| what kind of climates does nomadic herding take place in | cold and dry regions
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| does nomadic herding require large or small expanses of land | large
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| movement of animals | transhumance
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| what does nomadic herding prevent | desertification
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| slash and burn farming | nomadic farming
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| where is shifting cultivation located | warm moist lowlands
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| how much of the world's population does shifting cultivation involve | 5%
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| shifting cultivation is a renewable strategy if population is _______________ | low
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| cons of shifting cultivation | growing population, deforestation, greenhouse gases
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| yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming (uses small amount of land) | intensive subsistence agriculture
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| what method do 3/4 of people in LDCs use to feed themselves | intensive subsistence agriculture
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| where does intensive subsistence agriculture take place | warm, moist climates (east Asia, southeast Asia, south Asia)
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| characteristics of intensive subsistence agriculture | labor-intensive, simple tools, small plots of land, often doubled cropped
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| what kind of farming is an increasing phenomenon worldwide that converts waste products to fertilizers | urban subsistence farming/ garden plots
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| what are 4 impacts of the green revolution on subsistence farming | irrigation problems, seed genetics, displaced traditional farmers, population growth uncontrolled
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| agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off of the farm | commercial agriculture
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| refers to the relationship between businesses and agricultural producers | agribusiness
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| there is no difference in the product regardless of which company you buy from ex: milk | commodity
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| what are 6 characteristics of intensive commercial agriculture | high yields, high market value, highly perishable, limited field size, repeat plantings, close to the market
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| what are 6 characteristics of extensive commercial agriculture | farther from market, cheaper land, large land size required, dry farming/livestock ranching, low labor requirements, marginal land quality
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| what are 4 characteristics of mixed crop and livestock | extensive, crops and animals raised together, crops are used to feed animals, crop rotation
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| what kind of crop rotation did they use in the 400s | 2 field rotation ( 1 planted, 1 fallow)
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| what kind of crop rotation did they use in the 800s | 3 field rotation (1 summer, 1 winter, 1 fallow)
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| what kind of crop rotation did they use in the 1800s after the 2nd agricultural revolution | 4 field rotation (1 summer, 1 winter, 1 root, 1 clover)
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| is dairy farming intensive or extensive | can be both
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| the size of the ____________________ has grown due to advancements in transportation | milkshed
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| is grain intensive or extensive | often extensive
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| what is the most common crop | cereal grains
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| what is the most common grain | wheat
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| what is the most commonly ___________________ crop with 1/2 coming from the United States and Canada | exported; grain
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| is livestock ranching intensive or extensive | extensive
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| livestock ranching has a low start up _______________ and low ____________________ | cost; profit
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| where are animals fattened before being slaughtered | feedlots
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| has popularity in livestock ranching increased or decreased since the 1860s | declined
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| what does AFO stand for | animal feeding operation
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| is Mediterranean farming intensive or extensive | intensive
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| what 7 countries are Mediterranean farming present in | Greece, Italy, France, North Africa, California, Chile, Australia
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| what kind of agriculture is also common with Mediterranean farming | horticulture
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| what 2 crops are associated with Mediterranean farming | olives and grapes
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| is commercial gardening and fruit farming intensive or extensive | intensive
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| where is commercial gardening and fruit farming most common | southeast united states
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| are the crops grown through commercial gardening and fruit farming highly perishable | yes
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| who does all the work for commercial gardening and fruit farming | migrant workers
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| why do migrant workers do all the work for commercial gardening and fruit farming | to reduce cost
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| is plantation farming intensive or extensive | extensive
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| what kind of climates does plantation farming take place | tropical climates
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| plantation farming takes place in ________________ locations, and they import __________________ labor | isolated; cheap
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| what kind of crops do plantation farmers grow and give examples | luxury crops; cotton, tea, sugar cane, rubber
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| what is the only kind of commercial agriculture in LDCs and who are they owned by | plantation; owned by MDCs
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| what kind of farming has the work completed by migrants, the farmer doesn't live at the farm, and no one is at the farm unless it is growing or harvesting season | suitcase farms
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| Von Thunen's model suggested that agricultural activities are oriented in space due to their ____________________ and the _________________ | proximity to an urban city; price of rent
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| is the Von Thunen model a positive or negative correlation | negative
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| the Von Thunen model says that high-value crops, and intensive land use happens on what kind of land and why | land near the market because rent is higher
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| the Von Thunen model says that low-value crops and extensive land use happens on what kind of land and why | land farther from market because rent is lower
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| what are Von Thunen's 3 assumptions | isolation, land characteristic, and transportation
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| what are 4 factors that affect the Von Thunen model | topography, soil fertility, climate, changes in market
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| what has caused overproduction to be a problem for MDC farmers | green revolution: pesticides, fertilizers
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| what are 3 solutions to overproduction | farmers are encouraged to plant less, government pays farmers when crop prices are low, government buys surplus and sells it or donates it to foreign countries
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| salt in soil | salindization
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| a problem that MDC farmers have it that it is difficult to sustain the land. what are 5 solutions to this problem | sustainable agriculture, organic farming, fewer pesticides and chemicals, protecting the soil from erosion through ridge tillage, better integration of crops and livestock
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| a problem LDC farmers have is rapid population growth. what are 2 solutions to this problem | new farming methods with plows and manure, land is left fallow for shorter periods of time
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| a problem for LDC farmers is that technology is expensive. a solution is grow crops for export. what crops are exported to raise money | coffee, sugar, cocaine, opium
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| increase land by preventing ___________________, which is caused by over cultivation and overgrazing is a way to increase food supply | desertification
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| increase productivity by spreading the ____________________ is a way to increase food supply | green revolution
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| how would more women involved in agriculture help the world's food problem | more people working means more food- also working means not time to have kids which means less people to feed
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| what is a organization to help get more women in the agriculture industry | FarmHER
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| what is a new food source that has helped increase the food supply | aquaculture/ aquafarming
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| according to a 2015 review by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ___________________percent of the global aquaculture workforce are female | 70 percent
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| occupying roles from fish _____________ and processing to _____________ and support | production; retail
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| another way to increase food supply is to increase _______________ from other countries/ make foods seem _______________ to eat | exports; better
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| parts of the country lacking access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods | food desert
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| where are food deserts found | impoverished areas
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| in food deserts, there are a lack of _________________________, farmers' markets and healthy food providers | grocery stores
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| in food deserts, they are heavy on local ________________ which provide processed, sugar, and fat laden foods which contributes to the obesity epidemic | quickie marts
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