Cardio nerves
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| show | Synthesis, Storage in vesicles, release (exocytosis, preceded by Ca2+ influx and an action potential), receptor interation, termination of action (metabolism), or reuptake. *each site represents a potential site for pharmacological intervention.
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| Major neurotransmitters at the nerve terminals in the autonomic nervous systems | show 🗑
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| show | cholinergic nerves of the Parasymp NS (except glands which are sympathetic NS but use this NT as their NT)
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| show | used by adrenergic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system
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| show | hormone released by the adrenal medulla
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| Difference btw NE and EPI | show 🗑
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| Cotransmission | show 🗑
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| Neuropeptides that are released w/ NE or ACH | show 🗑
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| NE can be released with | show 🗑
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| show | vasoactive peptide (VIP) and/or substance P (SP), or nitric oxide (NO)
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| show | Ch uptaken into nerve terminal by a Na+ dependent transmitter
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| show | Ch reacts with acetyl CoA (enzyme: choline acetyltransferase [ChAT]) to produce ACh (and CoenzymeA)
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| Steps of ACh synthesis: What happens after ACh is produced? | show 🗑
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| Steps of ACh release: What happens first after ACh is in storage vesicles? | show 🗑
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| Steps of ACh release: What happens after Ca2+ influx into axon terminus? | show 🗑
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| Steps of ACh release: What happens after ACh exocytosis? | show 🗑
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| show | ACh binds to its own presynaptic inhibitory receptor (m2 autoreceptor) as a feedback mechanism to reduce the extent of ACh relese.
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| Steps of ACh metabolism: What happens to decr ACh in synaptic cleft? | show 🗑
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| show | A significant fraction of the choline is reuptaken into the presynaptic nerve terminal for ACh synthesis.
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| show | Nicotinic and muscarinic
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| show | ligand gated ion channel
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| Muscarinic Receptor is what type of receptor? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 subtypes of nicotinic receptors? | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors? | show 🗑
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| ACh action at muscarinic receptors | show 🗑
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| show | intiation of a conformational change in the receptor that allows cations, primarily Na+, to enter the neuron and initiate neuronal depolarization
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| show | all preganglionic neurons, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and sweat glands
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| Nn-neuronal nicotinic receptors are located on: | show 🗑
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| Nm-neuromuscular junction nicotinic receptors are located on: | show 🗑
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| show | all structures innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic nerves, on blood vessels, and on sweat glands (note: sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic, but release ACh from their postganglionic neurons)
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| show | Choline and Acetyl CoA; Chline acetyltransferase (ChAT) catalyzes ACh synthesis
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| show | In the cytoplasm of cholinergic nerve terminals
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| **Where does ACh storage take place? | show 🗑
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| show | metabolized by acetylcholinesterase in the synapse to choline and acetate
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| show | Approx 60% of the choline generated following ACh metabolism is reuptaken by the Na+ dependent choline carriers located on the presynaptic terminal.
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| **What are 2 main receptor classes of cholinergic receptors? | show 🗑
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| Catchol | show 🗑
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| Catecholamine | show 🗑
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| show | the alkyl carbons adjacent to the amine are labeled as alpha and beta.
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| show | Tyrosine (Tyr) is converted to Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) [a hydroxyl group is added to the phenyl ring]
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| show | L_DOPA is converted to dopamine (DA) by aromatic amino decarboxylase (AAAD) [the carboxylate group is removed to yield an amine, occurs in the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal]
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| Adrenergic nerve: Synthesis Pathway of NE: Step 3 | show 🗑
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| show | DA synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported into vesicles by vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
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| DA transport is passive or energy dependent? | show 🗑
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| show | in the vesicles.
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| Adrenergic nerve: Release of NE in noradrenergic nerve ending: Step 1 | show 🗑
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| Adrenergic nerve: Release of NE in noradrenergic nerve ending: Step 2 | show 🗑
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| Adrenergic nerve: Release of NE in noradrenergic nerve ending: Step 3 | show 🗑
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| Adrenergic nerve: Release of NE in noradrenergic nerve ending: Step 4 | show 🗑
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| show | majority of NE through presynaptic transporter (the NE reuptake transporter – NET)
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| Adrenergic nerve: Reuptake of NE: Step 2: | show 🗑
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| show | signal tranduction process involving 2nd messengers
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| What are the two classes of adrenergic receptors? | show 🗑
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| Beta 3 receptors have higher affinity for EPI or NE? | show 🗑
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| show | EPI only
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| **What is the initial precursor for norepinephrine synthesis? | show 🗑
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| **Where does dopamine synthesis occur in the nerve terminal? | show 🗑
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| **Where does NE synthesis occur in the nerve terminal? | show 🗑
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| show | most is reuptaken into the presynaptic nerve terminal and is either reuptaken into vesicles or metabolized by MAO
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| show | Alpha and beta
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| show | chromaffin cells
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| What is the difference btw EPI and NE synthesis? | show 🗑
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| Where does the addtl step from NE to EPI occur? | show 🗑
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| show | no conversion to NE in vesicle, reuptake done by presynaptic dopamine reuptake transporters (DAT, D2 autoreceptor)
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| show | 5 total, two classes: excitatory (D1/D5) and inhibitory (D2/D3/D4) effects on AdCy via G-protein coupled mechanisms
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| Autonomic plexus | show 🗑
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| show | most are parasymp pregang fibers b/c most parasym ganglia are at the target organ.
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| show | most are symp postgang fibers, but certain plexii also contain symp pregang fibers
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| What are the autonomic plexuses? | show 🗑
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| The cardiac-pulmonary plexus is located where? | show 🗑
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| show | postgang symp fibers from the symp chain and parasymp pregangl fibers from vagus nerve CN X
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| show | Cervical cardiac and Thoracic cardiac nerves
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| **Describe the pathway from the cervical cardiac nerves to the cardiac-pulmonary plexus. | show 🗑
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| **Describe the pathway from the thoracic cardiac nerves to the cardiac-pulmonary plexus. | show 🗑
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| show | Visceral sensory fibers (receptors of these fibers are located w/in heart wall and sense pain thru nociception and course back to T1-4 spinal nerve level w/sympathetic fibers)
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| **Describe the path of visceral sensory fibers from the heart wall to the CNS. | show 🗑
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| show | Vagus Nerve CN X
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| show | Transverses skull base through jugular foramen, branches off to strs in the neck, in the lower neck it gives off a branch called the cardiac nerve.
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| The cardiac-pulmonary plexus is broken into: | show 🗑
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| Cardiac plexus contains: | show 🗑
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| **From the surface of the ascending aorta, the cardiac plexus fibers separate into 2 branches: | show 🗑
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| **Sympathetic postganglionic fibers course to the following targets in the heart wall: | show 🗑
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| show | Incr HR, conduction velocity, and ventricular contraction force.
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| **Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers (vagus nerve fibers) synapse in the parasymp ganglia w/in the epicardium, and then course to the following targets in the heart wall: | show 🗑
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| Cholinergic stimulation leads to: | show 🗑
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| show | Chronotropy
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| Contractility | show 🗑
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| Conduction velocity | show 🗑
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| show | Vagal/Parasymp rate:60-100bpm
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| **Cardiac fn is modulated by _________ and __________ in the brain. | show 🗑
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| show | visceral sensory stretch receptors that detect changes in the blood pressure
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| What are the 2 groups of cardiac baroreceptors? | show 🗑
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| show | Wall of the internal carotid artery
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| **The carotid sinus baroreceptor fibers course with the ______________________ nerve (containing the visceral sensory fibers) back to the brainstem. | show 🗑
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| Where are the aortic arch baroreceptors located? | show 🗑
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| **The aortic arch baroreceptor fibers course with the _____________ back to the brainstem. | show 🗑
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| ______ are responsible for the major resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system. (type of vessel) | show 🗑
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| Normally arterioles are maintained in a state called: | show 🗑
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| show | intrinsic factors (myogenic tone), autonomic nervous system
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| **Symp postgang innervation to smooth muscles uses ____ as the NT that acts mostly at ___ receptors and some ___ receptors in the walls of arterioles to elicit ___________. | show 🗑
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| In veins, the smooth muscle in the tunica media is innervated by symp postgang fibers by NT ____ on __ receptors. | show 🗑
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| show | Varicosities
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| The reasons activity of sympathetic neurons varies from region to region in the body: | show 🗑
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| Parasymp postgang fibers regulate vascular tone via ACh, VIP, and NO resulting in vasodilation only in: | show 🗑
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| Adrenal medulla releases 80% ______ and 20% _______ into the systemic circulation, these NTs bnd to their receptors throughout the body. | show 🗑
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