Immune System Ch 35
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| show | transport tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood vessels; protects the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria from lymphatic stream and by serving as a site for lymphocyte "policing" of body fluids and lymphocyte multiplication
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| show | network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymphatic tissue,lymph nodes, and organs such as tonsils, thymus and spleen
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| show | edema
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| What part of the lymphatic system picks up the leaked fluid throughout the system where it eventually gets returned to the blood vascular system? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 - in the thoracic region
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| How is the lymph from the right upper extremity, head, and thorax delivered ? | show 🗑
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| What 3 trunks delivery the lymph from the right upper extremity, head and thorax? | show 🗑
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| Where do trunks open in individuals without a right lymphatic duct? | show 🗑
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| show | the large thoracic duct
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| Where do both the large thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty into? | show 🗑
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| Where is lymph carried 'toward'? | show 🗑
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| The lymphatic collecting vessels have three _____ and are equipped with ______? | show 🗑
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| Do lymphatics tend to be thinner-walled, to have more valves and to anastomose more than veins? | show 🗑
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| show | 'milking' action of the skeletal muscles and on pressure changes within the thorax occurring during breathing
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| show | lymph nodes
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| show | along the lymphatic vessels of the body
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| show | macrophages
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| Where are especially large collections of lymph nodes found in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | trapped harmful substances in the glands
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| What other lymphoid organs resemble the lymph nodes histologically? | show 🗑
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| What kinds of cells do the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen house? | show 🗑
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| show | cisterna chyli
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| What is a functional system that recognizes something as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize it? | show 🗑
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| What is the response called that recognizes something as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize it? | show 🗑
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| What is a systemic response and is not restricted to the initial infection site? | show 🗑
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| show | bacterial and viral infections
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| What happens when the immune response fails or malfunctions? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 most important characteristics of the immune response? | show 🗑
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| show | It remembers them accurately and specifically
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| What does capable of provoking an immune response and reacting with its products mean? | show 🗑
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| What exhibits antigenic capabilities when linked to our own body proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes, the 2nd most numerous members of the leukocyte, or WBC population
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| Immunocompetent lymphocytes are virtually monospecific. What does this mean? | show 🗑
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| show | our own proteins are tolerated
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| show | autoimmunity
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| What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? | show 🗑
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| show | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix and bone marrow
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| show | thymus, bone marrow
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| What are considered secondary lymphoid organs? | show 🗑
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| show | the bone marrow
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| Where and what do the stem cells differentiate into? | show 🗑
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| show | they become immunocompetent
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| show | by the appearance of specific cell-surface proteins that enable the lymphocytes to respond (by binding) to a particular antigen
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| After differentiation, what do the B and T cells do after they leave the bone marrow and thymus? | show 🗑
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| What is triggered when an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a T or B cell? | show 🗑
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| show | clonal selection
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| show | memory cells or effector or regulatory cells
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| show | memory B cells
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| show | plasma cells
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| What are B cells that act indirectly thru the antibodies that their progeny release into the bloodstream or other body fluids said to provide? | show 🗑
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| show | T cell clones
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| show | Because some contain cytotoxic T cells, effector cells that directly attack virus-infected tissue cells)
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| Which cells contain helper T cells that help activate the B cells and cytotoxic T cells? | show 🗑
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| show | T cell clones
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| show | cells that can inhibit the immune response
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| Which cells are said to mediate cellular immunity because they act directly to destroy cells infected with viruses, certain bacteria or parasites, and cancer cells, and to reject foreign grafts? | show 🗑
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| show | results in a marked depression of both antibody and cell-mediated immune functions
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| show | the thymus' nature to involute with age
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| show | the lymph node
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| What is found in the outer region of the node? | show 🗑
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| show | germinal centers
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| What do the germinal centers contain? | show 🗑
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| show | primarily T cells that circulate continuously
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| show | the medulla
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| show | in cordlike fashion
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| What kind of cells are mostly found in the medulla? | show 🗑
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| show | they play an essential role in 'presenting' the antigens to the T cells
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| show | thru a number of afferent vessels
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| show | circulates thru lymph sinuses within the node
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| How does lymph leave the node after circulating thru the sinuses? | show 🗑
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| Are there more afferent or efferent vessels in the lymph node? | show 🗑
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| Why are there more afferent vessels than efferent? | show 🗑
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| In the spleen, areas of lymphocytes can be found suspended in reticular fibers, clustered around central arteries, are known as what? | show 🗑
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| show | Red pulp
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| show | red pulp
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| show | white pulp
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| show | macrophages
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| show | tonsil
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| show | crypts
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| show | to trap bacteria and other foreign material
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| How do crypts destroy bacteria once they are trapped? | show 🗑
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| show | antibodies or immunoglobulins
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| What comprises the general class of plasma proteins called gamma globulins? | show 🗑
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| show | plasma and in all body secretions
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| show | IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, and IgE
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| show | monomers (structural unit)
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| What consists of 4 protein chains bound together by disulfide bridges? | show 🗑
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| show | heavy chains
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| What are the 2 shorter chains of a monomer called? | show 🗑
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| Each of the 2 sets of chains in a monomer have a _____ region, in which the amino acid sequence is identical in both chains | show 🗑
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| Each of the 2 sets of chains in a monomer also have a ____ region, which differs in the Igs formed in response to different antigens | show 🗑
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| What shape does the intact Ig molecule have? | show 🗑
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| show | antigen binding site
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| show | an antigen
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| EAch Ig monomer has 2 identical sites that bind to a specific what? | show 🗑
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| Binding of the immunoglobulins to their complementary antigens effectively immobilizes the antigen until what happens? | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of what diseases involve excessively high antibody synthesis? | show 🗑
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| show | ABO blood typing
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| show | pregnancy test
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| What is the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) technique used for? | show 🗑
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| show | HIV-1 blood screening
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| show | antibody titer
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| show | rapid screening of suspected antigens
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| What was the Ouchterlong double-gel diffusion technique originally developed for in 1948? | show 🗑
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| show | Antigens and antibodies are placed in wells in a gel and allowed to diffuse toward one another.
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| show | precipitin line
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| What are antigens? | show 🗑
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| show | into the rough ER
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| Once the antigens are transported into the rough ER, what happens? | show 🗑
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| Once the antigen is transported to the plasma membrane, what happens to it? | show 🗑
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| show | macrophages ingest them by endocytosis, then they are fragmented and combined with class II MHCs and transported to the membrane
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| What are allergic reactions mediated by? | show 🗑
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| People susceptible to allergies have more abundant _____ producing cells? | show 🗑
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