Immune System Ch 35
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| What 2 functions does the lymphatic system provide? | show 🗑
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| show | network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymphatic tissue,lymph nodes, and organs such as tonsils, thymus and spleen
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| show | edema
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| show | lymphatic capillaries
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| show | 2 - in the thoracic region
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| show | via the right lymphatic duct, and is not present in all individuals
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| What 3 trunks delivery the lymph from the right upper extremity, head and thorax? | show 🗑
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| show | directly into veins of the neck
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| show | the large thoracic duct
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| show | the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein, on their respective sides of the body
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| show | the heart as it lacks a contractile 'heart' and arteries
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| show | tunics; valves
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| Do lymphatics tend to be thinner-walled, to have more valves and to anastomose more than veins? | show 🗑
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| What does the lymphatic system depend largely on for transport? | show 🗑
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| show | lymph nodes
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| Where do lymph nodes cluster in the body? | show 🗑
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| What phagocytes are found within the lymph nodes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream? | show 🗑
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| show | inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions
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| What are swollen glands during an infection caused by? | show 🗑
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| What other lymphoid organs resemble the lymph nodes histologically? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes (WBC) and macrophages
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| What is the enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from the digestive viscera? | show 🗑
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| show | the adaptive immune system
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| show | the immune response
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| What is a systemic response and is not restricted to the initial infection site? | show 🗑
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| show | bacterial and viral infections
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| What happens when the immune response fails or malfunctions? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 most important characteristics of the immune response? | show 🗑
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| show | It remembers them accurately and specifically
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| show | antigenic
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| What exhibits antigenic capabilities when linked to our own body proteins? | show 🗑
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| What cells recognize antigens and initiate the immune response? | show 🗑
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| show | it has receptors on its surface allowing it to bind with only one or a few very similar antigens
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| show | our own proteins are tolerated
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| show | autoimmunity
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| show | MS, myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 (or insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
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| show | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix and bone marrow
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| show | thymus, bone marrow
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| show | lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix
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| show | the bone marrow
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| show | B cells - bone marrow; T cells - thymus
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| show | they become immunocompetent
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| show | by the appearance of specific cell-surface proteins that enable the lymphocytes to respond (by binding) to a particular antigen
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| After differentiation, what do the B and T cells do after they leave the bone marrow and thymus? | show 🗑
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| What is triggered when an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a T or B cell? | show 🗑
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| What event causes the lymphocyte to proliferate rapidly, forming a clone of like cells, all bearing the same antigen-specific receptors? | show 🗑
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| In the presence of certain regulatory signals, what kind of cells form in members of the clone ? | show 🗑
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| In the case of B cell clones, some become what type of cells? | show 🗑
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| In the case of B cell clones, some become memory B cells and some form antibody-producing what? | show 🗑
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| show | humoral immunity
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| show | T cell clones
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| show | Because some contain cytotoxic T cells, effector cells that directly attack virus-infected tissue cells)
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| Which cells contain helper T cells that help activate the B cells and cytotoxic T cells? | show 🗑
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| Which cell clones contain memory cells? | show 🗑
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| What are suppressor T cells found in T cell clones? | show 🗑
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| Which cells are said to mediate cellular immunity because they act directly to destroy cells infected with viruses, certain bacteria or parasites, and cancer cells, and to reject foreign grafts? | show 🗑
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| What happens in the absence or failure of thymic differentiation of T lymphocytes? | show 🗑
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| What has been found to be correlated with age and the relatively immune-deficient status of the elderly? | show 🗑
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| What is enclosed within a fibrous capsule, from which connective tissue septa (trabeculae) extend inward to divide the node into several compartments? | show 🗑
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| show | the cortex
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| show | germinal centers
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| show | rapidly dividing B cells
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| show | primarily T cells that circulate continuously
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| show | the medulla
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| How are the cells arranged in the medulla of the lymph gland? | show 🗑
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| show | macrophages
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| show | they play an essential role in 'presenting' the antigens to the T cells
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| How does lymph enter the node? | show 🗑
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| What does lymph do after it enters the node thru afferent vessels? | show 🗑
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| How does lymph leave the node after circulating thru the sinuses? | show 🗑
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| show | more afferent vessels
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| show | to keep the lymph flow stagnant somewhat within the node to allow time for the generation of an immune response and for macrophages to remove debris from the lymph before it reenters the blood vascular system
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| In the spleen, areas of lymphocytes can be found suspended in reticular fibers, clustered around central arteries, are known as what? | show 🗑
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| show | Red pulp
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| show | red pulp
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| show | white pulp
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| What removes worn-out red blood cells, debris, bacteria, viruses, and toxins from blood flowing thru the sinuses of the spleen's red pulp? | show 🗑
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| Follicles containing germinal centers surrounded by scattered lymphocytes characterized by crypts are found in which lymphatic organ? | show 🗑
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| What are invaginations of the mucosal epithelium of the tonsils? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of crypts? | show 🗑
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| show | The bacteria work their way into the lymphoid tissue and are destroyed there
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| What heterogeneous group of proteins produced by sensitized B cells and their plasma cell offspring? | show 🗑
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| What comprises the general class of plasma proteins called gamma globulins? | show 🗑
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| Where are antibodies found? | show 🗑
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| What are the five major classes of immunoglobulins (Ig)? | show 🗑
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| show | monomers (structural unit)
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| show | an Ig monomer
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| show | heavy chains
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| show | light chains
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| Each of the 2 sets of chains in a monomer have a _____ region, in which the amino acid sequence is identical in both chains | show 🗑
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| show | variable (V) region
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| What shape does the intact Ig molecule have? | show 🗑
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| show | antigen binding site
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| show | an antigen
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| show | antigen
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| show | they can be phagocytized or lysed by complement fixation
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| Symptoms of what diseases involve excessively high antibody synthesis? | show 🗑
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| What is one familiar way that the antigen-antibody reaction is used diagnostically? | show 🗑
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| What test uses the antigen-antibody reaction to test for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin? | show 🗑
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| show | detecting antigens
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| show | HIV-1 blood screening
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| show | antibody titer
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| show | rapid screening of suspected antigens
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| What was the Ouchterlong double-gel diffusion technique originally developed for in 1948? | show 🗑
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| show | Antigens and antibodies are placed in wells in a gel and allowed to diffuse toward one another.
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| In the Ouchterlony double-gel diffusion technique, if an antigen reacts with an antibody, a thin white line forms called a what? | show 🗑
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| What are antigens? | show 🗑
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| AFter the antigens are broken down inside the cell, where are they transported? | show 🗑
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| show | the antigens combine with Class I MHC molecules and and then transported to the Golgi apparatus and then to the plasma membrane
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| Once the antigen is transported to the plasma membrane, what happens to it? | show 🗑
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| show | macrophages ingest them by endocytosis, then they are fragmented and combined with class II MHCs and transported to the membrane
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| What are allergic reactions mediated by? | show 🗑
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| show | IgE
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