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Lab Quiz
Immune System Ch 35
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 2 functions does the lymphatic system provide? | transport tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood vessels; protects the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria from lymphatic stream and by serving as a site for lymphocyte "policing" of body fluids and lymphocyte multiplication |
| What comprises the lymphatic system? | network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymphatic tissue,lymph nodes, and organs such as tonsils, thymus and spleen |
| What condition is produced if lymph fluid accumulates in the tissues? | edema |
| What part of the lymphatic system picks up the leaked fluid throughout the system where it eventually gets returned to the blood vascular system? | lymphatic capillaries |
| How many large ducts in the thoracic region is lymph returned through? | 2 - in the thoracic region |
| How is the lymph from the right upper extremity, head, and thorax delivered ? | via the right lymphatic duct, and is not present in all individuals |
| What 3 trunks delivery the lymph from the right upper extremity, head and thorax? | jugular, subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks |
| Where do trunks open in individuals without a right lymphatic duct? | directly into veins of the neck |
| What receives lymph from the body except for the right upper extremity, head and thorax? | the large thoracic duct |
| Where do both the large thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty into? | the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein, on their respective sides of the body |
| Where is lymph carried 'toward'? | the heart as it lacks a contractile 'heart' and arteries |
| The lymphatic collecting vessels have three _____ and are equipped with ______? | tunics; valves |
| Do lymphatics tend to be thinner-walled, to have more valves and to anastomose more than veins? | Yes |
| What does the lymphatic system depend largely on for transport? | 'milking' action of the skeletal muscles and on pressure changes within the thorax occurring during breathing |
| What does lymph filter through while it is being transported? | lymph nodes |
| Where do lymph nodes cluster in the body? | along the lymphatic vessels of the body |
| What phagocytes are found within the lymph nodes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream? | macrophages |
| Where are especially large collections of lymph nodes found in the body? | inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions |
| What are swollen glands during an infection caused by? | trapped harmful substances in the glands |
| What other lymphoid organs resemble the lymph nodes histologically? | tonsils, thymus and spleen |
| What kinds of cells do the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen house? | lymphocytes (WBC) and macrophages |
| What is the enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct that receives lymph from the digestive viscera? | cisterna chyli |
| What is a functional system that recognizes something as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize it? | the adaptive immune system |
| What is the response called that recognizes something as foreign and acts to destroy or neutralize it? | the immune response |
| What is a systemic response and is not restricted to the initial infection site? | the immune response |
| What does the immune response protect from when operating effectively? | bacterial and viral infections |
| What happens when the immune response fails or malfunctions? | the body is quickly devastated by pathogens or its own assaults |
| What are the 3 most important characteristics of the immune response? | 1) memory 2) specificity 3) ability to differentiate self from nonself |
| How does the immune system handle previously encountered foreign attacks? | It remembers them accurately and specifically |
| What does capable of provoking an immune response and reacting with its products mean? | antigenic |
| What exhibits antigenic capabilities when linked to our own body proteins? | nearly all foreign proteins, many polysaccharides, and many small molecules (haptens) |
| What cells recognize antigens and initiate the immune response? | lymphocytes, the 2nd most numerous members of the leukocyte, or WBC population |
| Immunocompetent lymphocytes are virtually monospecific. What does this mean? | it has receptors on its surface allowing it to bind with only one or a few very similar antigens |
| What fact reflects the ability of the immune system to distinguish our own tissues (self) from foreign antigens (nonself)? | our own proteins are tolerated |
| What is it called when an inability to recognize self occurs and our own tissues are attacked by the immune system? | autoimmunity |
| What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? | MS, myasthenia gravis, Graves' disease, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 (or insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus |
| What comprises the lymphoid organs of the immune system? | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix and bone marrow |
| What are considered to be the primary lymphoid organs? | thymus, bone marrow |
| What are considered secondary lymphoid organs? | lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix |
| Where do the stem cells that give rise to the immune system originate? | the bone marrow |
| Where and what do the stem cells differentiate into? | B cells - bone marrow; T cells - thymus |
| What happens to the lymphocytes while in their 'programming organs'? | they become immunocompetent |
| How is it indicated that lymphocytes are becoming immunocompetent? | by the appearance of specific cell-surface proteins that enable the lymphocytes to respond (by binding) to a particular antigen |
| After differentiation, what do the B and T cells do after they leave the bone marrow and thymus? | They enter the bloodstream and travel to peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs where clonal selection occurs |
| What is triggered when an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a T or B cell? | clonal selection |
| What event causes the lymphocyte to proliferate rapidly, forming a clone of like cells, all bearing the same antigen-specific receptors? | clonal selection |
| In the presence of certain regulatory signals, what kind of cells form in members of the clone ? | memory cells or effector or regulatory cells |
| In the case of B cell clones, some become what type of cells? | memory B cells |
| In the case of B cell clones, some become memory B cells and some form antibody-producing what? | plasma cells |
| What are B cells that act indirectly thru the antibodies that their progeny release into the bloodstream or other body fluids said to provide? | humoral immunity |
| Which cells are most diverse? | T cell clones |
| Why are some T cell clones more diverse? | Because some contain cytotoxic T cells, effector cells that directly attack virus-infected tissue cells) |
| Which cells contain helper T cells that help activate the B cells and cytotoxic T cells? | T cell clones |
| Which cell clones contain memory cells? | T cell clones |
| What are suppressor T cells found in T cell clones? | cells that can inhibit the immune response |
| Which cells are said to mediate cellular immunity because they act directly to destroy cells infected with viruses, certain bacteria or parasites, and cancer cells, and to reject foreign grafts? | T cells |
| What happens in the absence or failure of thymic differentiation of T lymphocytes? | results in a marked depression of both antibody and cell-mediated immune functions |
| What has been found to be correlated with age and the relatively immune-deficient status of the elderly? | the thymus' nature to involute with age |
| What is enclosed within a fibrous capsule, from which connective tissue septa (trabeculae) extend inward to divide the node into several compartments? | the lymph node |
| What is found in the outer region of the node? | the cortex |
| Some of the cells are arranged in globular masses in the cortex and are known as what? | germinal centers |
| What do the germinal centers contain? | rapidly dividing B cells |
| What are the rest of the cortical cells moving from the blood into the node and then exiting from the node in the lymphatic stream? | primarily T cells that circulate continuously |
| What is the internal portion of the lymph node gland? | the medulla |
| How are the cells arranged in the medulla of the lymph gland? | in cordlike fashion |
| What kind of cells are mostly found in the medulla? | macrophages |
| What other important function do macrophages have besides phagocytic? | they play an essential role in 'presenting' the antigens to the T cells |
| How does lymph enter the node? | thru a number of afferent vessels |
| What does lymph do after it enters the node thru afferent vessels? | circulates thru lymph sinuses within the node |
| How does lymph leave the node after circulating thru the sinuses? | thru efferent vessels at the hilum |
| Are there more afferent or efferent vessels in the lymph node? | more afferent vessels |
| Why are there more afferent vessels than efferent? | to keep the lymph flow stagnant somewhat within the node to allow time for the generation of an immune response and for macrophages to remove debris from the lymph before it reenters the blood vascular system |
| In the spleen, areas of lymphocytes can be found suspended in reticular fibers, clustered around central arteries, are known as what? | white pulp |
| White pulp is found in the spleen; what is the remainder of the tissue in the spleen? | Red pulp |
| Which pulp of the spleen is composed of venous sinuses and areas of reticular tissue and macrophages called splenic cords? | red pulp |
| Which pulp of the spleen is composed primarily of lymphocytes and is responsible for the immune functions of the spleen? | white pulp |
| What removes worn-out red blood cells, debris, bacteria, viruses, and toxins from blood flowing thru the sinuses of the spleen's red pulp? | macrophages |
| Follicles containing germinal centers surrounded by scattered lymphocytes characterized by crypts are found in which lymphatic organ? | tonsil |
| What are invaginations of the mucosal epithelium of the tonsils? | crypts |
| What is the function of crypts? | to trap bacteria and other foreign material |
| How do crypts destroy bacteria once they are trapped? | The bacteria work their way into the lymphoid tissue and are destroyed there |
| What heterogeneous group of proteins produced by sensitized B cells and their plasma cell offspring? | antibodies or immunoglobulins |
| What comprises the general class of plasma proteins called gamma globulins? | antibodies or immunoglobulins |
| Where are antibodies found? | plasma and in all body secretions |
| What are the five major classes of immunoglobulins (Ig)? | IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, and IgE |
| All Igs are composed of 1 or more what? | monomers (structural unit) |
| What consists of 4 protein chains bound together by disulfide bridges? | an Ig monomer |
| What are the 2 large chains that help to comprise the monomer called? | heavy chains |
| What are the 2 shorter chains of a monomer called? | light chains |
| Each of the 2 sets of chains in a monomer have a _____ region, in which the amino acid sequence is identical in both chains | constant (C) region |
| Each of the 2 sets of chains in a monomer also have a ____ region, which differs in the Igs formed in response to different antigens | variable (V) region |
| What shape does the intact Ig molecule have? | a 3 dimensional Y shape |
| What do the variable regions of the light and heavy chains in each "arm" construct? | antigen binding site |
| The antigen binding site of an Ig molecule is uniquely shaped to 'fit' a specific antigenic determinant (portion) of what? | an antigen |
| EAch Ig monomer has 2 identical sites that bind to a specific what? | antigen |
| Binding of the immunoglobulins to their complementary antigens effectively immobilizes the antigen until what happens? | they can be phagocytized or lysed by complement fixation |
| Symptoms of what diseases involve excessively high antibody synthesis? | multiple myeloma-a cancer of the bone marrow and adjacent bony structures; the production of abnormal antibodies |
| What is one familiar way that the antigen-antibody reaction is used diagnostically? | ABO blood typing |
| What test uses the antigen-antibody reaction to test for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin? | pregnancy test |
| What is the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) technique used for? | detecting antigens |
| What testing has ELISA been modified for? | HIV-1 blood screening |
| What was ELISA originally designed to measure? | antibody titer |
| What is the Ouchterlony technique used mainly for? | rapid screening of suspected antigens |
| What was the Ouchterlong double-gel diffusion technique originally developed for in 1948? | to detect the presence of particular antigens in sera or extracts |
| How is the Ouchterlony double-gel diffusion technique begun? | Antigens and antibodies are placed in wells in a gel and allowed to diffuse toward one another. |
| In the Ouchterlony double-gel diffusion technique, if an antigen reacts with an antibody, a thin white line forms called a what? | precipitin line |
| What are antigens? | fragments of foreign proteins (ie viruses) produced within the body's cells |
| AFter the antigens are broken down inside the cell, where are they transported? | into the rough ER |
| Once the antigens are transported into the rough ER, what happens? | the antigens combine with Class I MHC molecules and and then transported to the Golgi apparatus and then to the plasma membrane |
| Once the antigen is transported to the plasma membrane, what happens to it? | It is destroyed by activated T cells |
| If an antigen originates outside the cell, how is it destroyed? | macrophages ingest them by endocytosis, then they are fragmented and combined with class II MHCs and transported to the membrane |
| What are allergic reactions mediated by? | IgE |
| People susceptible to allergies have more abundant _____ producing cells? | IgE |
Created by:
svking01
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