bio2
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| what are the 4 DNA nucleotides | A, C, T, G
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| which nucleotides pair together? | A pairs with T, C pairs with G
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| What is the DNA backbone made of? | made of sugar and phosphate groups. nucleotides join togheter with hydrogen bonds.
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| DNA is replicated when? | S-phase
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| What is the model of DNA replication? | is Semi-Conservative model.
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| What is the rate of replication in eukaryotic cells? | 50 nt/s
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| What enezyme adds nucleotides to replicaing DNA | DNA ploymerase performs several functions including adding nucleotides to replicating DNA
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| How big is the human genome | 3.9 billion nucletides (bases)
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| Transcription occurs where | nucleus
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| Transcription is what | the transfer of information from DNA to mRNA, mRNA then leaves the nuclear pore and is revieved by ribosome
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| function of mRna | ribosomes translates mRNA into a string of amino acid monomers called polypeptide chain
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| what is tRNA | resp. for bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome as written codons on the mRNA
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| What is a codon? | 3 nucletide word that translated in the ribosome into amino acid
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| What is a base (nucleotide) insertion/ deletion? | a base insertion/ deletion is the addition or subtraction of a nucleotide
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| What is a base subsitution? | is change of a single nucleotide
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| What are the results of these mutations? | mutation could be beneficial, neutral or negative. If codon translates into the same amino acid then there is no effect.
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| What type of mutation causes sickle cell? | a base subsitution
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| Somatic cell nucleur trasnfer | Diploid nuclues is removed from somatic cell and transferred into eff in which eggs haploid necleus was removed.
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| Terapeutic cloning | used to create specific lines of cells that may ultimately be used for tissues or oragans
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| Reproductive cloning leads to | offspring
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| What most likely caused Dolly to die prematurely | DNA contained within the somatic cell nucleus was used in cloning process likely carried a lot of mutations.
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| Signal Trasduction Pathway | gp. of cellular components and chemicals that participate in the transmission of info.
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| Signal Trasduction exp. | substate binding to a receptor embedded on the plasma membrane of the cell.
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| What are proto-oncogenes | is a gene necessary for normal cell activity that, when mutated, leads to oncogene
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| What is an oncogene | gene that could lead to the growth of a tumor
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| ex. of proto oncogene? | ras, which codes for a relaty protein in a signal transdution pathway
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| Tumor suppressor? | inhibits cellular proliferation.
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| The location of a gene on a chromosome is referred to as a | loci
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| which of the following is a lethal dominant disorder with symptons that dont appear till middle age? | Huntington's disease
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| What % of females eggs carry an x chromosome? | 100%
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| when a single gene affects many phenotypic characteristics, this is referred to as? | pleiotropy
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| for a sex-linked recessive disorder, if a mother is carrier and the father is normal, what is the probablity that they will have a son with the recessive disease? | 25%
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| which of the following is a sex-linked disorder | hemophilia
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| Many clonded animales are sub. to disease and pre mature aging because the donor nucleus probably already has suffered damage to the DNA | true
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| Once a donor nucleus has been implanted into an eff, the egg is subjected to an electrical shock to stimulate cellular division | true
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| adult stem cells from bone marrow can differentiate into any type of somaic cell | false
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| which of the following is a vector used in human gene therapy | virus
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| once a plasmid has been removed from bacteria, what would you use to cut it open | restriction enzyme
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| once a plasmic has been cut open, what wouldbe used to glue a gene of intrest in? | ligase
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| what technique is used to sep. DNA into visable bands? | gel electrophorsis
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| in PCR, in which step does DNA sep into 2 stands | denature
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| the human gene is apox. how big | 2.9 billion
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| All DNA in human genome is packaged as genes | false
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| DNA is post. charge | false
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| which of the following is a random evolutionary process | genetic drift
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| darwin was the first person to pose idea of evolution | false
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| which one of the following provides the raw material for evolution to occur | mutations
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| which process can restore genetic variation into population | gene flow
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| when a large population is drastically reduced to a small population due to some catastrophic event, this is referred to as | bottlenecking
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| in fixed species theory, all organisms radiated outward from a single common ancestor | false
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