Duke PA Physiology
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| When are primordial germ cells in male and female generated? | embryogenesis
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| What are the chromosomal sex determinates? | XX and YY
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| What does expression of the gene SRY on chromosome Y result in? | testes (male)
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| What determines gonadal sex? | presence of testes vs ovaries
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| What is the source of hormone which determines external and internal genitalia? | gonad
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| What is phenotypic sex? | external and internal genitalia
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| What is necessary for maleness? | SRY
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| Is SRY sufficent for maleness? | NO
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| What in addition to SRY is necessary to have a phenotypic male? | genes on X chromosome that encode the testosterone receptor
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| When is male phenotype induced? | after 8 weeks of gestation
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| Sexual differentiation | the process by which specific gene products result in a gonad whose products make possible a male or female phenotype
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| female ducts | Mullerian ducts
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| male ducts | Wolferian ducts
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| What do Sertoli cells secrete? | Mullerian inhibitory hormone (MIF)
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| What does MIF cause? | regression of mullerian ducts in male
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| sexual identity | refers to whether indviduals consider themselves male or female
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| sexual preference | refers to whether individual is attracted to the same sex or the opposite sex
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| sexual functioning | refers to whether an individual has testes, ovaries, or gonads with both features
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| hermaphroditism | gonads with both features - retain Wolferian and Mullerian ducts
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| What responds to levels of circulating steroid hormones? | hypothalamus
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| What does GnRH regulate? | FSH and LH
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| What do FSH and LH do? | regulate the development and function of the gonads in male and female
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| What is GnRH secretion like in male? | continuous and pulsatile
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| What is GnRH secretion like in female? | cyclic (monthly pattern)
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| How sensitive is the hypothalamus in development? | super-sensitive
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| How sensitive is the hypothalamus in adult? | feedback
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| What does inhibin do? | inhibits FSH
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| Does inhibin occur in males or females? | both
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| what causes negative feedback of inhibin? | local secretion of testosterone
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| What is kespeptin? | clock that has to be turned on, allows hypothalamus to gain adult rhythms - absence of these genes products prevents puberty
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| Where are sperm made? | testes
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| Where do sperm go from the testes? | epididymis
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| Where do sperm go from the epididymis? | vas deferens
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| How much sperm is in typical ejaculate? | > 100 x 10⁶ sperm per 5 ml
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| What does the blood-testes barrier do? | prevents immune system from accessing developing sperm - protects stem cell population
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| What do the leydig cells produce? | testosterone and DHT
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| What do the sertoli cells produce? | various hormones
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| What coordinates the production of sperm? | hypothalamus
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| What is the length of the seminiferous tubules? | length of 3 football fields
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| What is the length of epididymis? | 6 feet
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| How many days does it take to go from a spermatogonium to a spermatozoon in the lumen? | 64 days
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| Can sperm swim when they are released from seminiferous tubules? | no - they are immobile
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| How long does it take for a sperm to be mobile? | 90 days
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| What does the epididymis do to the sperm? | further differentiate, help them become mobile
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| When do sperm become good swimmers? | in the ova duct - they learn how to swim then - they bury their heads in the ova duct epithelium, searching for an egg
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| What is the hormone control by sertoli cells? | testes-blood barrier, androgen binding protein, inhibin, convert testosterone to estradiol
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| What is 5 α reductase? | critical for making DHT
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| What is DHT? | dihydrotestosterone
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