soc stud 100 facts
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| October 12,1492 | Christopher Columbus discovered New World
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| Indentured servant | A laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for a passage to America
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| William Penn | The founder of Pennsylvania which put Quaker ideals of tolerance and equality into practice.
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| Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut | The first written Constitution in america which described the organization of representative government in detail
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| New England Colonies | Founded for religious freedom. Includes Connecticut,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
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| Middle Colonies | Culturally diverse region of the British Colonies.Includes Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.
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| Southern Colonies | Founded mainly for profit.Includes Georgia, N & S Carolina,Virginia and Maryland.
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| Great Awakening | A religious revival that created a new emphasis on education,promotes the belief that all men are equal and makes americans more willing to question authority
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| john Paul Jones | American Revolutionary naval officer.
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| Marquis de Lafayette | French noble who served as George Washington's aide and led Patriot troops at Yorktown
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| Popular Sovereignty | Means that the people are the most important source of governmental power.
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| George Mason | A member of the Constitutional Convention who refused to sign the document without a bill of rights
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| McCulloch v Maryland | Was an 1819 Supreme Court decision that held that the necessary and proper clause allows Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly allows it to do
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| John Adams | Boston lawyer and patriot who became 2nd President of U.S.
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| John Marshall | Famous U.S. Supreme Court Chief justice who set out the principles of Judicial Review
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| War of 1812 | Fought between U.S. and Great Britain over freedom of the sea and the issue of impressment
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| Nullification | The idea of a state declaring a federal law illegal.
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| Spoils System | The practice of handing out government jobs to supporters and replacing government employees with the winning candidates supporters
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| Andrew Jackson | Leader of the original Democratic Party and "President of the people".Responsible for the Trail Of Tears which forced Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.
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| James Monroe | Author of the Monroe Doctrine,
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| Monroe Doctrine | Foreign policy statement which stated -1) the U.S. would not interfere with European affairs , and 2)that the western hemisphere was closed to colonization or interference by European nations.
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| Mexican War | conflict which occurred after the annexation of Texas, from which the U.S. seized the southwest territory inc.New Mexico , Arizona and California.
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| Gibbons v Ogden | 1824 Supreme Court decision that ruled that only Congress can regulate commercial activity that has both intrastate and interstate dimensions.
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| abolitionist | a person who wanted to end slavery in the U.S.
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| civil disobedience | the refusal to obey a government law as a means of passive resistance because of ones moral belief.
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| Henry David Thoreau | The author of Civil Disobedience and Walden Pond, who refused to pay his taxes to protest the Mexican War.
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| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | organized the Seneca Falls Convention creating the Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.
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| Second Great Awakening | wave of religious fervor that inspired missionary work and social reform movements.
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| cotton gin | invention by Eli Whitney that sped up the process of cleaning cotton fibers
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| steamboat | Robert Fulton's steamboat revolutionized transportation and trade in the U.S.
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| Bessemer Steel Process | discovered by both William Kelly and Henry Bessemer is a process that uses blasts of cold air to burn off impurities from heated iron to improve steel production
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| John C.Calhoun | S.Carolina Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War
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| Henry Clay | Kentucky Senator known as The Great Compromiser.He proposed the American System and Compromise of 1850
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| Daniel Webster | Massachusetts Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union
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| Frederick Douglass | former slave who became the best known black abolitionist in the country, and founded the North Star newspaper.
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| Harriet Tubman | escaped slave who became a conductor on the underground Railroad and helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
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| Dred Scott v Sanford | 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled slaves were property and not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in territories
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| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy during the Civil War
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| Lincoln's 1st Inaugural Address | stated that "no state can lawfully get out of the Union, but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it.
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| Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address | was meant to heal and restore the country after 4 years of Civil War
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| Reconstruction | the reorganization and rebuilding of the former confederate States after the Civil War
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| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery
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| 14th amendment | guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States
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| 15th Amendment | Guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race. (excluding women).
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