Respiration
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| anatomy | Greek: to cut up the structure
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| physiology | Greek: physis=nature, logis=logic. A branch of biology that deals with teh processes and activities of living beings and relates form to function
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| Basal Nomina Anatomica (BNA) | universal anatomical nomenclature (1895, Basel, Switzerland) 1) all terms in Latin (but countries can translate) 2) Each structure has one term 3) Terms should be descriptive
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| saggital | any vertical plane separating sides of the body
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| coronal/frontal | Section dividing front and back
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| transverse/horizontal | section at any horizontal plane
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| ventral | away from the backbone-towards the font of the body
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| dorsal | toward the backbone or away from the front of the body
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| anterior | toward the front, away from the back
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| posterior | toward the back, away from the front
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| medial | toward the axis or midline
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| lateral | away from the axis or midline
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| proximal | toward the body or towards the root
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| distal | away from the body
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| cranial/rostral | toward the head
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| caudal | toward the tail
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| external | toward the outer surface
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| internal | toward the inner surface
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| superficial | toward the surface
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| deep | relatively under the surface
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| superior | upper
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| inferior | lower
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| 5 types of tissue | 1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Muscular 4) Nervous 5) Vascular
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| epithelial tissue | cells arranged in mosaics forming sheets that cover surfaces of the body and line tubes or passages leading to the interior of the body and line the cavities of the body
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| types of epithelium | 1) endothelial 2) mesothelium 3) epithelium proper
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| endothelial | flat, single layers of cells. smooth surfaces. lines blood and lymph vessels.
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| mesothelium | lines the pleural cavities, peritoneal cavity, and the pericardial cavity
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| epithelium proper | epidermis and internal membranes which are continuous with the skin (mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and generative tracts)
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| connective tissue | relatively few cells and proportionately large amount of intercellular substance (matrix) classified on the basis of the characteristics of the nonliving intercellular substances which compose the matrix, not on the living cell characteristics
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| loose connective tissue | areolar adipose
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| areolar tissue | just beneath the skin (bed for skin and mucous membrane) loose. cells in irregular network of fibers
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| adipose tissue | like areolar but with fat cells
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| dense connective tissue | closely packed fibers. often collagenous or elastic fibers. classified on basis of intercellular substances: white/unyielding or yellow/yielding tendons, ligaments, fascia, reticular
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| tendons | tough, nonelastic cords composed of closely packed parallel fibers connect muscles to bone, cartilage, or one another
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| apeneurosis | white, flattened, tendonous coverings of muscles
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| ligaments | closely packed parallel elastic fibers bone to bone, cartilage to bone, cartilage to cartilage
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| fascia | responsible for the arrangement of muscles into functional units subcutaneous fascia is found over the entire body just under the skin
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| reticular tissue | primative. provides supporting framework for essential organs like the liver delicate matrix of cells with processes extending to adjoining cells
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| hyaline cartilage | blusih-white, transparent when fresh. covers articular surfaces of joints and forms framework for lower respiratory tract no blood supply. becomes yellow and brittle w/ age
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| elastic cartilage | yellow and opaque b/c of elastic fibers flexible. (ear, epiglottis, larynx)
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| fibrocartilage | dense network of collagenous fibers and cartilage cells forms the intervertibral discs of spinal column
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| bone | withstands compression like concrete. very tensile. organic salts compose 2/3 (85% calcium phosphate, 15% calcium carbonate, calcium flouride, and magnesium flouride) 206 bones in adult human body
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| axial skeleton | head and trunk
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| appendicular skeleton | arms and legs and pelvic girdle
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| periosteum | covers all bone marrow except at the articular surfaces provides attachment for muscle tendons contains osteoblasts
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| osteoblasts | assist in the initial formation of new bone and later in life generate new bone for repair
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| 3 types of joints | 1) synarthrodial 2) amphiarthrodial 3) diarthrodial
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| synarthrodial | bones in almost direct contact and joined together by thin connective tissue to prevent movement skull
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| amphiarthrodial | yielding synchondros and symphysis
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| synchrondos | rigid joint that ossifies with age skull at birth
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| symphysis | articular facets are covered by hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage between vertebra, pubic bone
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| diarthrodial | moveable joints - joined by bands of fibrous tissue to create the articular capsule. small amount of fluid is produced to lubricate the joint six types, classified on the basis of movement
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| muscle tissue | 329 muscles, all paired but 2 (diaphragm and procerus) composed of 2 proteins: myosin and actin usually have 2 attachments (origin and insertion)
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| origin | the attachment that is fixed or less engaged in movement
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| insertion | the structure being acted upon; more distal in extremeties
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| 3 types of muscle tissue | 1) striated 2) smooth 3) myocardium
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| striated muscle | a.k.a. skeletal muscle. long fibers crossed at regular intervals by transverse bands dark=actin light=myosin
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| smooth muscle | more primitive than striated. innervated by autonomic nervous system, independent of direct voluntary control blood vessels, digestive system, bronchial tubes
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| myocardium | only found in the heart properties of smooth and striated muscle
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| nerve tissue | composed of irritable cells that are able to modify their biochemical composition 3 parts: 1) cell body 2) dendrites 3) axons
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| dendrites | carry info to the cell body from other cells. short w/ multiple branches
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| axons | conduct info away from cell body to other cells
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| synapse | neural synapses permit info to travel in just one direction neural tissue is capable of manufacturing neurotransmitters that inhabit or facilitate neural transmission more than 50 neurotransmitters discontinuity b/w neurons b/c of synaptic cleft
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| motor unit | a functional unit for producing movement and consists of a nerve cell and all the muscle fibers innervated by it high innertavion ratio - crude, large movements low innervation ratio - small, refined, rapid movements (ex: fingers, lips)
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| vascular tissue | 10% total body weight
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| blood | composed of corpuscels and platelets suspended in plasma
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| erythrocytes | no nuclei --> not real cells carries oxygen from lungs to body cells filled w/ hemoglobin
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| platelets | cell fragments important for clotting
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| lymph | the nutrient plasma of the tissues (cells in lymph = lymphocytes) b-lymphocytes produce antibodies. immune response against virus infected cells and tumor cells
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| respiratory tract | nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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| crochoid cartilage | where trachea starts
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| trachea | suspended from larynx 16-20 cartilaginous rings and fibroelastic (hyalin cartilage) membranes/tissue branches into 2 trachea (--> lungs) epitheleal lining (collumnar cilliated epithelium)
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| bronchi | when trachea bifurcates 24 branchings on each side right lung covers more space (3 secondary branchings, left has 2) similar to trachea smaller branches have less cartilage and are more effective in the exchange of gaes terminal bronchi have alveoli
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| alveoli | "pits" where gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs
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| lungs | sit on diaphragm fissures divide into lobes horizontal and oblique fissures (just oblique on L) always have residual oxygen inhale time roughly = exhale time ribcage lifts and expands
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| parietal plurae | lining/covering of lungs and diaphragm smooth and frictionless b/w lungs and thorasic cavity
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| vertebral column | 32 or 33 vertebra foundation ribs attach intervertebral discs (cartilage) S curve 7 cervical, 12 thorasic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx
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| vertebral foramen | hole in bone for spinal cord
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| atlas | skull sits on top
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| axis | odontoid process pivot for atlas
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| floating ribs | 11 and 12 don't attach to vertebra or sternum
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| clavicle | collar bone
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| scapula | shoulder blades
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| acromion | shoulder
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| sternum | breastbone
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| xyphoid process | bottom of sternum
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| manubrium | top of sternum
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| suprasternal notch | area between collarbone
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| vertebrochondral | ribs 8-10 don't attach to sternum directly
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| vertebrosternal | ribs 1-7 attach to sternum and vertebra
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| head (of rib) | attaches to vertebra
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| coxal bones | hip bone
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| illium | big bone in pelvis
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| ishcium | bones you sit on
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| pubis | pubic bone
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| acetabulum | socket for femur
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| illiac crest | hip bone
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| ischial tuberosity | where you sit
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| greater sciatic notch | sciatic nerve passes thru under sacroiliac joint
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| pubic symphasis | fibrocartilage where the 2 halves meet
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| inguinal ligament | from anterior superior iliac spine to pubic symphasis
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| sacroiliac joint | where sacrum and ilium join
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| coracoid process | hook on scapula
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| glenoid fossa | where humerus joins scapula
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| diaphragm | upside-down bowl-shaped muscle unpaired 3 portions: 1) sternal - xiphoid process, short fibers 2) costal - cartilages of ribs 7-12; fleshy 3) vertebral - upper lumbar vertebrae all insert into central tendon
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| apeneurosis | flattened tendon
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| diaphragmic openings | aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, foramen vena cava
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| external intercostals | more prominent and strong than internal 11 space between ribs course downwad and lateral medial in front inspiratory
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| internal intercostals | deep to external intercostals 11 from anterior limits of intercostal spaces to the posterior angle of the ribs, continue to vertebral column inspiratory
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| subcostals | musculomembranous sheet that lines the back of the thorax same course as internal intercostals can go between more than 2 ribs
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| transversus thoracis (triangularis sterni) | originate from lower sternum upward and outward attach to ribs 2 through 6 vertical, less angle, then horizontal pulls ribcage down
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| costal elevators | 12 on each side originate from transverse processes of C7 and upper 11 thorasic vert insert in rib immediately below (short (levatores costarum breves)) or the next one (long (levatores costarum longi)) lift ribs
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| serratus poseterior muscles | inferior: originates from apeneuroses from bottom 2 thorasic and top 3 lumbar. insert ribs 8-12 superior: originates C7 through T2 or T3 stabilize vertebral column pull back of ribage down and raise ribcage tendonous
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| sternocliedomastoid | origin: sternum and clavicle heads insert: mastoid process action: lower head, lift ribcage up and back largest in neck superficial
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| scalene muscles | anterior: O: C3-6 I: first rib medial: largest and longest O: C2-7 I: first rib posterior: smallest and deepest O: C5-7 I: second rib inspiratory, help raise first 2 ribs
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| trapezius | most superficial muscle of back flat and triangular covers upper back, neck, shoulders O: base of skull to T12 I: clavicle and scapula (acromion and spine) open chest platform in/exhale to max deg head, scapula, shoulder (shrug)
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| latissiums dorsi | second layer, also superficial O: spine of lower thorasic, lumbar, sacrum, posterior third of iliac crest I: humerus rotate arms and open stable platform (like Trap) tendonous connection
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| rhomboids | major and minor, function as unit O: C7-T5 I: vertebral border of scapula function: draw scapula toward vert (in and up) open ribcage indirect muscle of respiration
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| levator scapulae | under trapezius O: C1-4 I: top of scapula elevate and steady scapulae
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| pectoralis major | fan-shaped bulk of muscle on chest wall O: clavicle, sternum, abdominal apeneurosis I: anterior humerus fascial covering rotation of arm
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| pectoralis minor | O: ribs 2-4/5 near cartilage I: coracoid process shoulder extensor
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| serratus anterior | between ribs and scapula O: ribs 1-8/9 I: scapula (near vert) help lift the lower ribs up and out fixates and protracts the scapula
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| abdominal apeneurosis | broad sheet of tendenous tissue from sternum to pubic bone
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| linea alba | dense, midline of abdominal apeneurosis xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
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| lumbodorsal fascia | tendonous material on back. two-layered
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| external oblique | largest, strongest, most superficial abdominal muscles O: ribs 5-12 I: mostly abdominal apeneurosis (some iliac crest) bend, compress, pull ribcage down, exhalation
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| internal oblque | deep to external obliques and thinner middle layer ascending (opposite of external) O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia I: abdominal apeneurosis, ribs 8/9-12 pulls ribcage down and back exhalation
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| transversus abdominus | deepest abdominals horizontal (Like cummerbund) O: inner surface of ribs 6-12, lumbodorsal fascia, interior 2/3 iliac crest, inguinal ligament I: abdominal aponeurosis mostly, also pubic bone compression exhalation
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| rectus abdominus | O: pubic crest I: ribs 5-7 (cartilage) , xiphoid process keeps guts in, helps exhalation (pushes diaphragm)
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| quadratus lumborum | posterior abdominal muscle O: iliac crest I: transverse processes of lumbar vertibrae, crest of ilium pulls ribcage down (exhalation)
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| total lung capacity | the quantity of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a maximum inhalation Factors: 1) body size, 2) position of the body 3) health of the organism
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| vital capacity | the quantity of air that can be exhaled after as deep an inhalation as possible Factors: 1) anatomical build 2) position of body during measurement 3) strength of respiratory musculature 4) pulmonic compliance or the distensibilibility of the pulmonic-tho
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| inspiratory capacity | the max vol of air that can be inhaled from a resting expiratory level can be measured directly with a spirometer
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| tidal volume | vol of air inhaled and exhaled in one expiratory cycle
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| minute volume | the vol of air exchanged per minute. (500-750cc of air)
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| residual volume | vol of air that remains in the lungs even after a max exhalation
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