Ophthalmic Surgery
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| What are the three layers of the eye? | External: cornea, sclera
Middle: iris, ciliary body & choroid
Internal: retina
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| What is the cornea and sclera composed of? | fibrous
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| What are the iris, ciliary body, and choroids composed of? | vascular pigment
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| What is the retina layer composed of? | Photoreceptive
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| What are the eyelids? | Musculofibrous folds in front of the orbit
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| Where do the eyelids meet? | canthi (corner)
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| What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye? | 4 rectus - superior, inferior, lateral, medial
2 oblique - superior and inferior
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| What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye? | Iris and ciliary body
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| What are the 2 cavities of the eyeball? | Anterior and posterior chambers
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| What fluid is found in the anterior chamber? | aqueous humor
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| What fluid is found in the posterior chamber? | vitreous humor in the vitreous body and aqueous humor
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| What is responsible for formation of the fluid? | Neuro epithelium
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| What cranial nerve is the optic nerve? | 2nd cranial
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| What is the dilating drops that dilate the pupil and what do they do? | mydriatics and it allows the retina to be viewed.
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| What are constricting drops and what do they do? | Miotics and it contracts the sphincer of the iris making the pupil small which helps to decrease intraocular pressure
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| What is plastic repair of the entropion? | Correction of the muscular fibers of the lid, everting the lid margins and eyelashes.
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| Why is corrective surgery done for strabismus? | Surgery changes the relative strength of the individual muscles and therefore improves coordination.
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| Is strabismus congenital? | No it is not
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| Name two procedures for strabismus | Resection and resession
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| What gives the eyeball its shape? | Aqueous and vitreous humor
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| What is plastic repair for blepharochalais? | It is the removal of redundant skin of the upper lids.
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| What is a pterygium removed surgically? | When it impairs the visual axis.
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| What is the abbreviation for right eye, left eye and both eye? | OD, OS, OU
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| What may cause rupture of the eyeball? | A traumatic injury
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| What are the three procedures for removal of the eye and when would each be indicated? | Enucleation: entire eye is removed
Exenteration: entire contents of the orbit are removed
Evisceration: all the contents of the orbit are removed
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| When would enulceation be indicated? | Tumors, trauma, infection, blindness, painful glaucoma
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| When would exenteration be indicated? | Tumors, lid tumors that have extended into the orbit
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| When would evisceration be indicated? | Make room for a prostesis
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| When is Keratoplasty performed? | When the patient's cornea is thickened and opacified
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| Why is Keratoplasty performed? | The transparency of the cornea is impaired due to infection
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| Where are corneas obtained from? | Deceased individuals
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| What is a radial keratotomy designed to do? | It is series of precise partial thickness radial incisions in the cornea, these incisions result in a flattening of the cornea, which reduces the refractive error.
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| What is the bending of light rays through a transparent medium? | Refraction
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| What type of patient is radical keratotomy procedure done for? | Individual must at least have a 2D of myopia or the eyes are otherwise healthy
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| What is a cataract extraction? | Removal of the opaque lens from the interior of the eye
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| What are the three methods that can be used for cataracts? | Intracapsular, extracapsular and phacoemulsification
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| What procedures can be done for glaucma? | Iridectomy or Trephination
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| What may be the cause of retinal detachment? | Presence of neoplasms, tears (injury) holes (generation or detachment)
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| What surgical procedures are performed in the treatment of retinal detachment? | Scleral Buckling or Cryotherapy
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| Where does the nerve enter the eyeball? | At the optic disk
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| Disorder of the lens, opacification and dislocation | Cataract
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| Inflammation of one or more of the glands of the eyeball | Chalazion
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| Thin transparent mucous membrane that lines the back surface of the eyelid and front surface of the globe | Conjunctiva
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| Turning inward of the eye lid | Entropion
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| Intraocular pressure has increased which results in atrophy of the optic nerve and causes blindness | Glaucoma
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| Grafting or corneal tissue from one eye to another | Keratoplasty
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| Edge or corner or border of a part | Limbus
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| Fleshy encroachment onto the cornea | Pterygium
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| Drooping upper eye lid | Ptosis
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| Opening at the center of the iris | Pupil
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| Separation of the retinal layers from the pigmented layer of the retina | Retinal detachment
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| Inability to direct the two eyes at the same objects because of lack of coordination or extraocular muscles | Strabismus
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| The creation of a permanent opening in the tear duct for the drainage of tears | Dacryocystorhinostomy
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| Inflammation of the lacrimal sac, causing pain, redness, and swelling at the site of the medial canthus | Dacryocystits
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| The lacrimal duct is opened and an obstruction is removed | Lacrimal Duct Probing
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| Vascular pigmented _____ layer lies beneath the sclera. Prevents light reflection within the eyeball | Choroid
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| An extension of the choroid located at the periphery of the anterior choroid Smooth muscle to which the suspensory ligaments are attached | Ciliary body
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| Lies directly behind the iris; is a bioconvex, clear structure encompassed by a transparent capsule | Lens
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| Is divided into two chambers by the iris. Lies directly in front of the iris | Anterior chamber
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| Is directly posterior to the iris but anterior to the lens | Posterior chamber
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| Covers the entire globe up to the scleral-corneal junction | Conjunctiva
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| Where does the light come thorough | Cornea
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| Thick, white, fibrous tissue that encloses about three-fourths of the eyeball It is the external layer of the eyeball and communicates with the optic nerve sheath. | Sclera
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| The normal condition of the lens of the eye is | transparent and biconvex
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| Where is the lacrimal gland located? | upper lid, outer angle of the orbit
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| Into which structures do the lacrimal ducts drain tears? | nasal cavity
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| What is the portion of the eye between the cornea and the iris in which aqueous fluid flows and nourishes tissues? | anterior chamber
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| Misalignment or deviation from coordinated movement of the eyes is | strabismus
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| If looking at the right eye of a patient and assigning clock positions of 12, 3, 6, and 9 o’clock to the rectus eye muscles, which of the following would be CORRECT? | 12 = superior; 3 = medial; 6 = inferior; 9 = lateral
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| Which structure of the eye is colored and its muscles constrict or relax to control the amount of light entering the pupil? | Iris
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| How many tunics comprise the structure of the globe of the eye? | 3
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| Which two structures form the outer tunic of the globe of the eye? | cornea and sclera
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| Which structure of the eye is the thin, transparent lining of the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the sclera? | conjunctiva
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| What is the name of the gelatin-like fluid that fills the posterior cavity of the eye? | vitreous humor
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| What is the name of the structure that is a small depression containing only cones and has the highest visual acuity? | central fovea
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| What is the term for the six muscles that provide movement of the eye? | extrinsic
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| What structure is avascular, external, and its function is to refract light rays? | cornea
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| The anterior chamber is the space ____. | bound anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the front of the iris
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| The ____ is an intrinsic muscle of the eye | ciliary body
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| The term used to describe the location behind the globe is ____. | retrobulbar
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| The outermost tunic of the eyeball is called the ____. | sclera
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| The posterior chamber is the space ____ | anterior to the lens and posterior to the iris
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| The innermost tunic of the eye is the ____. | retina
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| A process in which the lens continually changes shape to maintain the focus of an image on the retina | Accommodation
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| In ophthalmic surgery, an temporary traction suture placed through the sclera used to pull the globe laterally for exposure of the posterolateral surface. It resemblance to the reins of a horse's bridle. | Brindle Suture
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| Clouding of vision caused by a disease in which the crystalline lens of the eye, its capsule, or both become opaque. This prevents light from focusing on the retina, resulting in visual distortion. It can develop as a result of disease or injury. | Cataract
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| A technique in which a cold probe is used to freeze tissue, such as the sclera, ciliary body (for glaucoma), or retinal layers, after detachment. | Cryotherapy
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| Low-power cautery used to mark the sclera over an area of retinal detachment | Diathermy
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| Surgical removal of the globe and accessory attachments | Enucleation
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| Surgical removal of the contents of the eyeball, with the sclera left intact | Evisceration
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| The point where light rays converge after passing through a lens | Focal point
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| A group of diseases characterized by elevation of the intraocular pressure. Sustained pressure on the optic nerve and other structures may result in ischemia and blindness | Glaucoma
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| Surgery of the cornea. The term penetrating _______ refers to corneal transplantation | Keratoplasty
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| Surgery in which the eye muscle is re-positioned to release the globe | Muscle recession
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| A process whereby high-frequency sound waves are used to emulsify tissue, such as cataract | Phacoemulsification
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| A triangular membrane that arises from the medial canthus; the tissue may extend over the cornea, causing blindness | Pterygium
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| A phenomenon of physics in which light rays are bent as they pass through a transparent medium that is denser then air. In the eye, ________ occurs as light enters the front of the eye and passes through the cornea, lens, aqueous humor and vitreous. | Refraction
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| A flat-tipped suture needle commonly used in ophthalmic surgery | Spatula needle
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| Inability to coordinate the extraocular muscles, which prevents binocular vision | Strabismus
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| Outer Fibrous Tunic contains | Sclera and Cornea
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| Middle Vascular Tunic contains | Iris, Ciliary body and Choroid
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| Inside Tunic contains | Retina
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| Turning outward of the eyelid and drooping of lower eyelid. | Ectropion
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| The surgical procedure that opens the lacrimal duct from an obstruction | Lacrimal Duct Probing
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| Name the six bones of the orbital cavity starting from clockwise at 12 | Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid
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| The anterior-posterior distance of the globe is to short, images are to close are blurred, Farsightedness | Hyperopia
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| The anterior-posterior distance is too long, the focal point lies in front of the retina, resulting in blurred vision of distant objects, nearsightedness | Myopia
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| Removal of the vitreous from the anterior chamber | Anterior Vitrectomy
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| The sensory layer of the retina becomes separated from the pigment epithelial layer | Scleral Buckling
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| Creating a channel from the aqueous humor may drain from the anterior chamber for treatment of glaucoma | Trabeculectomy
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| The laser is used to shrink collagen and stretch the canal of Shlemm and expanding canal, increasing drainage, and reducing IOP | Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
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| One or more bony sections of the orbital cavity are removed to reduce pressure on the optic nerve. | Orbital Decompression
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| Complete removal of the eyeball (globe). | Enucleation
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| Contents of the eye are removed, but the outer shell of the sclera and the muscle attachments are left intact | Evisceration
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| Removal of the entire eye and orbital contents, includes eyelids, ocular muscles, and orbital fat | Orbital Exenteration
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| Strabismus is defined as ____. | deviation of the position of the eye
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| A small lump on the inner or outer surface of the eyelid caused by an inflammatory reaction of material trapped inside an oil-secreting gland is called a(n) ____. | chalazion
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| What condition is characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor? | glaucoma
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| What procedure is performed to open blocked tear ducts? | lacrimal duct dilation
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| Phacoemulsification is one method of ____. | removing an opaque lens
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| Recession or resection is the surgical treatment for ____. | strabismus
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| What instrument is used to remove the recipient cornea during keratoplasty? | trephine
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| Cryotherapy involves the use of ____. | Cold
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| Why is dacryocystorhinostomy performed? | to establish a new pathway for tear drainage
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| During extracapsular cataract extraction, the ____ capsule remains. | posterior
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| What is the purpose of placing a traction suture prior to cataract extraction? | to stabilize the globe
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| Vitrectomy requires the use of what piece of specialized equipment? | ocutome
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| Mydriatics and cycloplegic drugs cause ____. | pupil dilation
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| Diuretics are used to ____. | reduce intraocular pressure
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| Decadron is a common ____. | steroid
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| The most common suture needle used for corneal suturing is ____. | spatula micropoint
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| The ____ scissors are useful in strabismus and conjunctiva operations. | Westcott
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| Entropion is a condition that affects the ____. | lower eyelid
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| Intraocular pressure is measured with a ____ prior to any incision. | tonometer
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| ____ sponges are the sponges of choice in Ophthalmic surgery. | Weck
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