World History notes for CSET exam
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| Period of time for which we are dependent upon non-written sources | pre-history
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| Estimated age of earth (according to popular science) | six billion years old
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| Earliest known humans | hominids
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| Location of first known humans | Africa
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| When did Homo sapien sapiens first appear | 200,000 - 150,000 years ago
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| Name the three periods of pre-history (prior to written history) | 1)paleolithic or old stone age
2)mesolithic or middle stone age
3)neolithic or new stone age
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| paleolithic | 2,500,000 years ago until about 10,000 BC; nomadic, small groups; hunting, foraging; tools from stone and bones; cave paintings
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| mesolithic | 10,000 - 7,000 years ago; domesticated/growing plants; improved tools and weapons; less nomadic
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| neolithic | 7,000 - 3,000 years ago; systematic agriculture; tamed animals; farming villages and towns; structured social systems
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| Mesopotamia | Fertile crescent culture; began about 6,000 BC; Tigris/Euphrates river area; irrigation projects; copper, tin, bronze; Sumerians and Akkadians; cuneiform(pictures) writing in clay
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| Code of Hammurabi | first written law code that applied to all people living within the Babylonian empire; 1700's BC
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| Egypt | began about 4,800 BC;annual flooding of Nile irrigated and fertilized crops; polytheistic; strong centralized gov't; hieroglyphic writing; pharaohs; gods Amon and Re
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| India | began about 2,500 BC;first civilizations called Harappan; on Indus River; drainage system carried waste underground to outside sewage pits;
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| China | began about 6,500 BC; first dynasty Xia(Hsia) then Shang around 16th cent. BC; Shang overthrown by Zhou - lasted 800 years, longest in Chinese history;Zhou dynasty started irrigation projects, silk trade; polytheistic;
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| Greece | Minoans on Crete 2600-1250BC; overseas trading; written languages such as Linear A - symbols stood for syllables; 1100-750BC Greek Dark Ages - art of writing disappeared
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| Greek city-states | 8th-5th cent BC; writing re-invented; Homer(Iliad and Odyssey) & Hesiod (Works and Days; Theogony); gov't of oligarchs to democracy; Spartan army; Athens capital
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| Classical Greece | 5th cent BC; began with Persian war - defeated Darius I, then 10 years later Xerxes; Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sophocles, Euripides, Herodotus,
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| Macedonians | northern Greeks; mid-early 300s BC; Alexander the Great ruled from Greece, Syria, Persia to Indus River Valley
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| Rome | began mid 750s BC; Greeks tribes colonized southern Italy, bringing alphabet and religious practices; Etruscans moved south into Italy 700-600 BC; Romans expelled Etruscans around 500 BC; governed by patricians (wealthy land owners); Julius Caeser 110-44B
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| Roman Empire | 60BC - 450 AD; Stoicism philosophy; major law contributions - civil law applied to Roman citizens, law of the people merged Roman laws with laws of other countries, natural law was governed by reason; Diocletian, Constantine; Edict of Milan 313 AD - tole
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| Byzantine empire | mid 400s AD - 14th/15th cent. AD; started from Roman empire; Emperor Justinian; Crusaders; trade routes increased
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| Silk Road | trade route from China to Europe; included silk, spices, pottery, horses; made traveling easier;
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| Black Plague | mid 1300s AD; carried from Asia to Europe by fleas on rats;enhanced by poor living conditions; 25 million people died
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| Japan | feudalism (300-700 AD); warrior clans (late 700 - 1200AD); Shogun/Shugo (1200 - late 1400s AD)
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| Sub-Saharan | Muslim influence mid 1000s AD; Mali people edge of Sahara desert; the Nok lived in Nigeria;
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| American civilizations | Mayan-Central America; Aztec-Mexico; Inca-South America; Woodland and Mississipian(mound people)-North America; Anasazi and Hohokam-SW USA and northern Mexico
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| Magna Carta | 1215AD, limited English monarchy
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| Crusades | late 1000s AD - 1300 AD; seven major crusades;
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| Where did First universities open | Bologna and Salerno Italy, late 1100s AD; used Latin
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| Joan of Arc | 1412-1431 AD; French
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| Renaissance | 1300-1600AD; Venice, Milan, Padua, Pisa, and Florence; writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio; art-oil painting, chiaroscuro, linear perspective(3D); da Vinci, Michelangelo, Machiavelli
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| Martin Luther | 1483-1546;German; 95 thesis nailed to church door 10/31/1517 opposing selling indulgences (buying forgiveness)
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| John Calvin | 1509-1564; French; reformer; believed church and state should be united; believed in pre-destination
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| Mary I | 1553-1558 queen of England; Catholic
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| Elizabeth I | 1558-1603 queen of England; Protestant
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| Henry VIII | 1509-1547; king of England; married Catherine of Aragon then Anne Boleyn;
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| Louis XIII | 1610-1643; king of France; Cardinal Richelieu held real power
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| Ferdinand Magellan | 1480-1521; circumnavigated the globe 1521-22
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| Christopher Columbus | discovered America in 1492 seeking a new route to the East Indies
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| Hernando Cortes | 1485-1547; Aztec conqueror; from Spain; sent gold to Spain
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| Francisco Pizarro | 1476-1541; conquered Incas; sent gold to Spain
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| John and Sebastian Cabot | late 1400s AD; explored North America
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| Jacques Cartier | 1491-1557; French; explored North America 1534
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| Samuel de Champlain | French; exlored St Lawrence river(NE USA, SE Canada)
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| Treaty of Paris 1763 | 1763; French possessions in North America went to Britain
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| French American Alliance | 1778; French troops helped Gen Washington at Yorktown; 1779 Spain also joined with France
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| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Britain recognized the independence of the USA and ceded the Floridas to Spain
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| Steam engine | Thomas Newcomen 1706 invented the steam engine; James Watt 1765-1769 improved the steam engine
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| Louis XVI | 1774-1792 king of France; married Marie Antoinette
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| Ptolemy | 85-160AD; Greek astronomer who thought that the earth was the center of the universe and that everything moved around it.
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| Nikolai Copernicus | 1473-1543; believed the universe was centered around a motionless sun
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| Johannes Kepler | 1571-1630; added to Copernicus' theory about sun-centered universe
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| Galileo Galilei | 1564-1642; invented telescope; mathematician
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| Enlightenment | fostered a belief in the existence of God as a rationale explanation of the universe and its form; God stopped being involved after the universe was created; God was impersonal; supernatural (God, angels, devils) was not involved in human life
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| Francois Marie Arouet | 1694-1778; french, aka Voltaire; social activist during Enlightenment
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| The empire of Alexander the Great 4th cent. BC | n
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| The Egyptian Empire 11th cent BC |
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| The Roman Empire 1st cent BC | northern Africa, Egypt, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey (Mediterranean areas)
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| Empire of Charlemagne 9th cent AD |
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| Geographical setting of first civilizations of Africa and Asia | river valleys where there was an abundance of fertile soil and fresh water
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| Hinduism most strongly influences these features of ancient Indian civilization | relationships among social groups
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| Kush civilization | annual floods enriched land for farming and cattle; timber and iron ore deposits; capital city located on major trade routes; gold and emerald mines made kingdom rich
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| Rome's influence on later development of what European civilization | legal code of France
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| Major cause of decline of Roman Empire | political instability and use of mercenary armies undermined the security of the empire
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| Samurai tradition of feudal Japan resembled which medieval Europe feature | code of chivalry of European kinghts
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| Catholic church influenced development of what in medieval Europe | universities
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| Geographic factors that influenced the Inca civilization 11th-15th cent. AD | mtns of western So. Amer. blocked the building of an empire, prompting the development of sophisticated engineering technologies
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| Aim of explorations of John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson | to discover a westward route to Asia
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| Major motive to establish the colony of Massachusetts Bay | to create a Bible commonwealth
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| Significance of a major military development of the Amer Revolution | patriot victory at Battle of Saratoga(1777) prompted France to sign a treaty with the Amer. leaders
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| Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions from Seneca Falls Convention 1848 | to link the demands of women to the grievances of the Revolutionary generation
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| Articles of Confederation | primarily to protect the sovereignty of the states
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| NW USA (Washington, Oregon, Idaho,...) | US obtained possession of this area from the British in a treaty from 1846
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| Major advantage of the Union and the Confederacy at the start of the Civil War | Union - stronger manufacturing base; Confederacy - more experienced officer corps
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| Reason for abandonment of Radical Republican plans for Reconstruction | the outcome of the 1876 presidential election
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| Responsible for development of a national market in the US in the late 19th cent? | expansion of the railroad and the telegraph network
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| The mission's, presidio's, and the pueblo's function in early Calif history? | to maintain social order
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| Just before European colonization, most of Calif.'s American Indians were... | hunting and gathering societies in which people fished, hunted, and harvest wild plants
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| An important development in Calif society during the era of Mexican rule (1821-1848) was... | growing criticism of the mission system prompted efforts to transfer mission holdings into private hands
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| Cause of Mexican War 1840s | a boundary dispute between the US and Mexico; resulted in California becoming a territory of the US
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| Substantial increase in the Asian population of Calif came because of... | Immigration Reform Act of 1965
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| Latino political power increased in Calif. in the 1990s because... | the growing proportion of Latinos in the Calif population
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| A principle of the Calif Constitution | popular sovereignty (All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their protection, security, and beneift, and they have the right to alter or reform it when the public good may require
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| Major historical turning point in Calif industry | Aircraft industry and WW II
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| identify three effects (social, economic, political, cultural) of this migration on California; select one of the effects you have identified; and explain how the effect of the migration you have selected helped shape modern California society. | In the 1930s, approximately 300,000 people migrated from the southern plains region of the United States to California.
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