Chapter 15
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| Renaissance | an era of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature, science, and learning, in Europe beginning in the 1300s
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| humanism | having a worldly rather than spiritual focus
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| secular | a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment and the almost limitless potential of the human mind
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| Baldassare Castiglione | Italian aristocrat who wrote The Courtier, which became a handbook for how to succeed in society
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| Niccolo Machiavelli | Florentine political philosopher and statesman who wrote The prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics
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| Lorenzo de Medici | ruler of Florence who was an important patron of arts and learning
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| Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance man" who became famous as a painter, architect, inventor, and engineer; painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
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| Raphael | famous painter of both classical and religious subjects and accomplished architect
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| Michelangelo Buonarroti | sculptor and painter famous for works such as the Sistine Chapel, the statue David, and the design of the dome of St. Peter's Chapel
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| Johannes Gutenberg | German man credited with the invention of movable type in the mid-1400s
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| Desiderius Erasmus | priest and Christian humanist philosopher who wrote about the need for a simple Christian life without the rituals and politics of the Church
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| Sir Thomas More | English humanist who wrote Utopia, a book that told about a perfect but nonexistent society based on reason
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| William Shakespeare | English playwright and poet; author of such famous works as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midnight Summer's Dream
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| Christine de Pisan | Italian-born woman who wrote the first important work focusing on the role women played in society
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| Albrecht Durer | German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s, learning techniques of realism and perspective, influencing layer German Renaissance artists
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| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life
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| Protestant Reformation | a movement beginning in the 1500s to reform the Roman Catholic Church, which led to a split of the church between Catholics and Protestants
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| indulgences | exchange of money for forgiveness of sin
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| Martin Luther | critic of the Roman Catholic Church whose theses sparked discussion about its practices and beliefs and to the founding of Lutheranism
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| theocracy | a government in which church and state are joined and whose officials are considered to be divinely inspired
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| John Calvin | important Protestant reformer whose writings became the basis of Calvinism
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| predestination | religious doctrine that states God has already determined who will be saved and so nothing people do can change their fate
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| Henry VII | English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife
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| annulled | declared invalid based on church laws
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| Elizabeth I | daughter of Henry VIII and queen who firmly established England as Protestant
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| Counter-Reformation | reform movement within the Catholic Church
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| Jesuits | religious order which emphasized reform of the church, spiritually, service to others, education, and the further spread of Catholicism; also called Society of Jesus
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| Ignatius of Loyola | founder of the Jesuits whose search for spiritual peace led hum to give up his belongings and practice self-denial
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| Council of Trent | meetings called by Pope Paul III to make a series of reforms to tje church and clarify important teachings, took place between 1545 and 1563
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| Charles Borromeo | archbishop of Milan who implemented the reforms decreed by the Council of Trent, such as building schools for priests
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| Francis of Sales | French missionary who returned the French district of Savoy to the Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women
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| Teresa of Avila | Spanish nun who reformed the Carmelite order
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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