Pulm Vocab
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| Atelectasis | Loss of lung volume. Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of the lung.
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| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing (mild, moderate, severe)
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| DOE | dyspnea on exertion.
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| Hypoxia | below normal levels of O2
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| Anoxia | absence or almost complete absence of O2
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| Hemoptysis | cough with bloody production (sputum)
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| Hemoptysis originates | below the vocal cords. Above is not a true hemoptysis
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| Atelectasis | Loss of lung volume. Decreased or absent air in the entire or part of the lung.
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| Dyspnea | difficulty breathing (mild, moderate, severe)
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| DOE | dyspnea on exertion.
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| Hypoxia | below normal levels of O2
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| Anoxia | absence or almost complete absence of O2
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| Hemoptysis | cough with bloody production (sputum)
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| Hemoptysis originates | below the vocal cords. Above is not a true hemoptysis
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| An Intrapulmonary hemoptysis is | bright red
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| An extrapulmonary hemoptysis is | dark tarry = GI
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| When assessing pulmonary complaints orders that can be considered are? | CXR (PA + lat), CT chest or HRCT, PFTs, Spirometry (measure lung volumes and capacities), ABGs
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| The four lung volumes are? | Inspiratory reserve volume, Reserve volume, Tidal volume, Expiratory reserve volume.
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| The four lung capacities are? | Inspiratory capacity, functional capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity
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| All capacities are composed of two or more volumes: Inspiratory capacity | IRV + TV
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| Functional reserve capacity is composed of: | ERV + RV
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| Vital capacity is composed of: | IRV + TV + ERV +RV
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| Total lung capacity: | IRV + TV + ERV + RV
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| Residual volume is | The amount of air left in the lungs after exhalation
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| Expiratory reserve volume | Amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
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| Tidal Volume | Amount of air inspired during a normal inspiration
-TV satisfies resting metabolic needs
-TV not entirely used for gas exchange
- 70% reaches resp bronchioles/ 30% reaches anatomic dead space.
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| Inspiratory reserve volume | Amount of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration
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| Total lung capacity | Volume of air in the lung at maximum inspiration
-limited primary to restriction of lung (ex: emphysema)
RV + ERV + TV + IRV
- 5- 8 L
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| Inspiratory capacity | Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. (TV + IRV)
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| FRC functional residual capacity | Volume of air that remains in the lung after a normal exhalation
(RV + ERV)
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| Peak expiratory flow rate | assessment of flow variability (objective) ---> Quantifies disease severity *
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| Peak expiratory flow rate is used in the assessment of what type of airway dz | Asthma (acute)
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| Peak expiratory flow rate occurs during the ____ part of exhalation | early
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| Normal peak flows for healthy females | 300-500 L/ min
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| Normal peak flows for healthy males | 400- 600 L/min
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| Decreased peak flow indicates | obstruction
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| Spirometry is the | assessment of capacity and volume
-useful in small and large airway dz
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| Spirometry is used to predict | 1) airflow obstruction
2) if airflow obstruction is immediately reversible
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| While performing spirometry educate your patients to not | cough or hesitate (causing extra breaths)
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| FEV1 decrease indicates | obstruction of larger airways
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| Flow volume loop is | a graphical representation of spirometry results: a measurement of inspiratory and expiratory flows and volumes
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| In 6 seconds the flow loos shows when | the patient inspires, expires, and inspires again
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| Intrapulmonary sources of hemoptysis includes | Infections, structural, vascular, cardiac, wegners granulomatosis, connective tissue, and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
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| Extrapulmonary sources of hemoptysis includes | Upper resp ( epistaxis, nasopharygeal lesions, oral), GI, systemic coagulopathies, cocaine
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| Pink frothy sputum | Pulmonary edema
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| Blood streaked, purulent | Chronic bronchitis
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| Frank blood | Rupture of bronchial arteries from inflammation, trauma, malignancy
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| When assessing hemoptysis lab/diagnostic studies you want to order include | CBC w/ diff, PT/PTT, INR, sputum for C & S, Gram stain, AFB, cytology, fibrinogen level, D-dimer, PA/lat CXR, CT chest or angiogram, bronchoscopy is a MUST (malignancy)
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| If a patient presents with hemoptysis and has history of smoking, is elderly, has hx of a prior malignancy, or family hx of a malignancy what diagnostic study SHOULD you order? | Bronchoscopy
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| If a patient presents in your clinic with bleeding > 200 mL in 24 hours | ADMIT to hospital for further workup
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| A pt presents with massive hemoptysis you should treat as | hypovolemic shock, obtain surgery and pulmonary consults.
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