Chapter 5: Cell Structure
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| acid-fast technique | A staining process by which certain bacteria resist decolorization with acid-alcohol
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| Agar | A polysaccharide derived from marine seaweed that is used as a solidifying agent in microbiology culture media
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| Arthropod | an animal having jointed appendages and segmented body
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| Autotrophic | referring to an organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source
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| Bacillus | any rod-shaped prokaryotic cell
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| Bloom | a sudden increase in the number of cells of an organism in an environment
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| Broth | a liquid containing nutrient for the growth of microorganisms
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| cell membrane | A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm
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| cell wall | A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding some cells
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| Chlamydia | a very small, round, pathogenic bacterium visible only with the electron microscope and cultivated within living cells
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| Chromosome | A structure in the nucleoid or cell nucleus that carries hereditary information in the form of genes
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| Coccus | a spherical-shaped prokaryotic cell
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| Colony | a visible mass of microorganisms of one type
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| culture medium | A mixture of nutrient in which microorganisms can grow
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| Cyanobacteria | an oxygen-producing, pigmented bacteria occurring in unicellular and filamentous forms that carry out photosynthesis
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| death phase | the final portion of a bacterial growth curve in which environmental factors overwhelm the population and induce death
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| decomposer | an organisms, such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead or decaying matter
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| endospore | an extremely resistant structure produced by some bacteria
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| enriched medium | a growth medium in which special nutrients must be added to get a species to grow
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| eukayote | a cell (organism) containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments
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| extreme halophile | an archeal organism that grows at very high salt concentrations
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| extremophile | a microorganism that lives in environments such as high temperature, high acidity or high salt
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| Flagellum | a long hair-like appendage composed of protein and responsible for motion in microorganisms
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| fluid mosaic | referring to the model to represent the cell membranes where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipid
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| genome | The complete set of genes in a virus or organism
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| glycocalyx | a viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to aid in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation
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| gram-negative | referring to a bacterial cell that stains red after Gram staining
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| gram-positive | referring to a bacterial cell that stains purple after Gram staining
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| Gram stain technique | staining procedure used to identify bacterial cells as gram-positive or gram-negative
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| growth curve | the plotted or graphed measurement of the size of the population of bacteria as a function of time
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| heterocyst | A specialized cell in some cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen gas
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| heterotrophic | referring to an organism requiring preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs
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| hyperthermophile | a prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80C
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| lag phase | a portion of a bacterial growth curve encompassing the first few hours of the population’s history when no growth occurs
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| log phase | the portion of a bacterial growth curve during which active growth leads to a rapid rise in cell numbers
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| lipopolysaccharide | a molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide that is found in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall of bacterial cells
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| Methanogen | an archaeal organism that lives on simple compounds in anaerobic environments and produces methan during its metabolism
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| Morphology | refers to the shape and structure of cells and organisms
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| nitrogen fixation | The process by which microorganisms convert nitrogen gas into ammonia
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| nucleoid | the chromosomal region of a prokaryotic cell
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| nutrient agar | a solidifying agent that contains nutrients for microbial growth
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| obligate intracellular parasite | an organism or virus that must get it nutrition from a host cell
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| outer membrane | a bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
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| peptidoglycan | a comple molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating untis of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid crossed-linked by peptides
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| periplasmic space | A metabolic region between the cell membrane and outer membrane of bacterial cells
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| pilus | A hair-like extension of the plasms membrane found on the surface of many bacterial that is used for cell attachment and anchorage
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| plasmid | A small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information
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| prokaryote | A microorganism in the domain Bacteria or Archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane bound compartments
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| ribosome | A cellular component of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis
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| rickettsiae | A very small bacterial cell generally transmitted by arthropods
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| selective medium | A growth medium that contains ingredients to inhibit certain microorganisms while encouraging the growth of others
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| Shock | sudden loss of blood pressure and inadequate blood circulation
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| simple stain technique | The use of a single dye to contrast cells
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| spirillum | A bacterial cell shape characterized by twisted or curved rods
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| spirochete | A twisted bacterial cell with a flexible cell wall containing axial filaments for motility
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| stationary phase | The portion of a bacterial growth curve on which the reproductive and death rates of cells are equal
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| teichoic acid | A negatively charged polysaccharide in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria
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| toxin | A poisonous chemical substance produced by an organism
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| vibrio | A prokaryotic cell shape occurring as a curved rod
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