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Prokaryotic World
Chapter 5: Cell Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid-fast technique | A staining process by which certain bacteria resist decolorization with acid-alcohol |
| Agar | A polysaccharide derived from marine seaweed that is used as a solidifying agent in microbiology culture media |
| Arthropod | an animal having jointed appendages and segmented body |
| Autotrophic | referring to an organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
| Bacillus | any rod-shaped prokaryotic cell |
| Bloom | a sudden increase in the number of cells of an organism in an environment |
| Broth | a liquid containing nutrient for the growth of microorganisms |
| cell membrane | A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm |
| cell wall | A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding some cells |
| Chlamydia | a very small, round, pathogenic bacterium visible only with the electron microscope and cultivated within living cells |
| Chromosome | A structure in the nucleoid or cell nucleus that carries hereditary information in the form of genes |
| Coccus | a spherical-shaped prokaryotic cell |
| Colony | a visible mass of microorganisms of one type |
| culture medium | A mixture of nutrient in which microorganisms can grow |
| Cyanobacteria | an oxygen-producing, pigmented bacteria occurring in unicellular and filamentous forms that carry out photosynthesis |
| death phase | the final portion of a bacterial growth curve in which environmental factors overwhelm the population and induce death |
| decomposer | an organisms, such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead or decaying matter |
| endospore | an extremely resistant structure produced by some bacteria |
| enriched medium | a growth medium in which special nutrients must be added to get a species to grow |
| eukayote | a cell (organism) containing a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments |
| extreme halophile | an archeal organism that grows at very high salt concentrations |
| extremophile | a microorganism that lives in environments such as high temperature, high acidity or high salt |
| Flagellum | a long hair-like appendage composed of protein and responsible for motion in microorganisms |
| fluid mosaic | referring to the model to represent the cell membranes where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipid |
| genome | The complete set of genes in a virus or organism |
| glycocalyx | a viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to aid in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation |
| gram-negative | referring to a bacterial cell that stains red after Gram staining |
| gram-positive | referring to a bacterial cell that stains purple after Gram staining |
| Gram stain technique | staining procedure used to identify bacterial cells as gram-positive or gram-negative |
| growth curve | the plotted or graphed measurement of the size of the population of bacteria as a function of time |
| heterocyst | A specialized cell in some cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen gas |
| heterotrophic | referring to an organism requiring preformed organic matter for its energy and carbon needs |
| hyperthermophile | a prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80C |
| lag phase | a portion of a bacterial growth curve encompassing the first few hours of the population’s history when no growth occurs |
| log phase | the portion of a bacterial growth curve during which active growth leads to a rapid rise in cell numbers |
| lipopolysaccharide | a molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide that is found in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall of bacterial cells |
| Methanogen | an archaeal organism that lives on simple compounds in anaerobic environments and produces methan during its metabolism |
| Morphology | refers to the shape and structure of cells and organisms |
| nitrogen fixation | The process by which microorganisms convert nitrogen gas into ammonia |
| nucleoid | the chromosomal region of a prokaryotic cell |
| nutrient agar | a solidifying agent that contains nutrients for microbial growth |
| obligate intracellular parasite | an organism or virus that must get it nutrition from a host cell |
| outer membrane | a bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria |
| peptidoglycan | a comple molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating untis of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid crossed-linked by peptides |
| periplasmic space | A metabolic region between the cell membrane and outer membrane of bacterial cells |
| pilus | A hair-like extension of the plasms membrane found on the surface of many bacterial that is used for cell attachment and anchorage |
| plasmid | A small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information |
| prokaryote | A microorganism in the domain Bacteria or Archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane bound compartments |
| ribosome | A cellular component of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis |
| rickettsiae | A very small bacterial cell generally transmitted by arthropods |
| selective medium | A growth medium that contains ingredients to inhibit certain microorganisms while encouraging the growth of others |
| Shock | sudden loss of blood pressure and inadequate blood circulation |
| simple stain technique | The use of a single dye to contrast cells |
| spirillum | A bacterial cell shape characterized by twisted or curved rods |
| spirochete | A twisted bacterial cell with a flexible cell wall containing axial filaments for motility |
| stationary phase | The portion of a bacterial growth curve on which the reproductive and death rates of cells are equal |
| teichoic acid | A negatively charged polysaccharide in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria |
| toxin | A poisonous chemical substance produced by an organism |
| vibrio | A prokaryotic cell shape occurring as a curved rod |
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