CIS zCH11 Systems Development and Procurement
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| 7 phases of the systems development life cycle (SDLC) | planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, maintenance.
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| systems development life cycle (SDLC) | process that describes the seven steps in the life of an information system
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| feasibility study | part of the information system planning process that examines whether the initiative is viable from technical, financial, & legal standpoints
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| requirements analysis | process by which stakeholders identify the features a new information system will need and then prioritize them as mandatory, preferred, or nonessential.
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| planning phase | define the business need for the project, assess its importance to the company, & determine whether the project is actually feasible.
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| 3 major factors that bolster business need & determine where to allocate funding for systems development projects are: | return on investment (ROI), competitive advantage, risk management
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| analysis phase | analyze and document what the system should actually do from the business (opposed to technical) perspective.
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| design phase | makes decisions about the system's architecture & draws up plans that describe technical details
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| functional requirements | system features, prioritized by stakeholders; description of processes the system will support, & the systems input & output
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| usability requirements | ease of learning the software, task efficiency, screen attractiveness
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| accessibility requirements | accessibility for people w/ disabilities
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| performance requirements | response time, reliability, availability, scalability
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| interface requirements | user navigation, data display
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| security requirements | authentication, privacy, encryption
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| compliance requirements | processes & reports required for compliance
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| integration requirements | interfaces w/ other systems
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| language requirements | support for English, Spanish, &/or other languages
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| development phase | converting the design into an operational information system
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| testing phase | goes on during the development phase as individual modules are completed to ensure the system works together
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| implementation | documentation and training to understand clearly how the new system works and how it differs from the old one
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| Options for implementation | parallel, phased, direct
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| parallel implementation | type of implementation in which the new system is launched while the old one it is replacing continues to run so output can be compared
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| phased implementation | a type of implementation in which the modules of a new information system are launched in phases rather than all at once.
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| direct implementation | a type of implementation in which all the modules of a new info system are launched at the same time, and the old system is turned off; also called the "big bang" approach.
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| maintenance phase | during the first few weeks after release, dedicate support ppl are usually on call to resolve technical glitches, train users, correct documentation, & make sure everyone has access to all the functionality they need.
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| change control process | a process orgs use to manage & prioritize requests to make changes or add new features to an information system
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| legacy systems | older systems built on aging or obsolete architectures that continue in use b/c they still function reasonably well & replacing them is costly.
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| types of software development strategies | waterfall, itrative, agile
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| waterfall software development | method in which the systems development life cycle tasks occur sequentially, with one activity starting only after the previous one has been completed
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| iterative methods | strategies that compress the time horizon for software development, partly to reduce the impact of changing business needs & resulting rework. Focus on time avail until next release, or iteration, & devel. team determines how many req. can be delivered
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| rapid application development (RAD) | strategy in which developers quickly bring up prototypes to share w/ end users, get feedback, & make corrections b4 building the fully functional version.
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| agile software development | strategy involving cohesive teams that include end users, & in which many activities occur simultaneously rather than sequentially to accelerate delivery of usable software
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| scrum | an agile process for software development that relies on tightly knit, cohesive teams that do "sprints" of 2-4 weeks each
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| extreme programming (XP) | team-based agile method that features frequent releases of workable software, short time boxes, programmers who work in pairs, & a focus on testing.
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| pros of custom system development | tailored closely to the org's needs, may offer strategic value that contributes to co's competitive advantage, may not require ee's to change their processes
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| pros of prepackaged software | handles processes using industry best practices, requires shorter implementation time, usually carries lower cost, can include vendor's new features & maintains compliance requirements, best for apps that offer few competitive advantages
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| cons of custom system development | usually has higher overall cost, requires more time b4 going live, requires ongoing in-house maintenance - upgrades - compliance
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| cons of prepackaged software | does not match all org's req, might overstate product's capabilities & vendor support, requires org to change biz processes & develop interfaces to other systems, may not have new features or fit enterprise architecture
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| request for information (RFI) | request sent to software vendors containing a high level of description of the info system and org needs, so that vendors can describe their products that may fit
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| request for proposal (RFP) | invitation to software co's to submit formal proposal, including detailed descript of products, services, & costs. Details requirements developed in analysis phase & include info about org's architecture, staffing, & other relevant details
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| best of breed | approach used by orgs in which they procure the best systems for ea application, regardless of the vendor, & then build interfaces among them.
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| unified procurement | approach used by orgs in which they prefer systems from a single vendor, especially to avoid the need to build interfaces
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| systems integrator | a consultant who ensures that the hardware & software components of an information system work together when they come from different vendors
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| two examples of agile development methods | extreme programming (XP) and Scrum.
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| agile methods of software development require | a team-oriented approach
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| waterfall methods of software development are useful when | organizations outsource development to external contractors.
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| decision about whether to build or buy the system should consider whether a purchased system can handle at least | 75% of the org's requirements & whether system is important for strategic reasons. Other factors: cost, time to deploy, architecture, & skill sets
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| steps of procurement process | RFI then RFP
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