World History
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| Public Law 94-142 | States must develop and implement policies that assure a free and appropriate public education to all children with disabilities.
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| Fertile Crescent | The area around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
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| Hammurabi's Law Code | The first known written law code which applied to all those living within the Babylonian empire.
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| Hittites | Known for their use of iron, invaded Babylon, and destroyed Hammurabi's dynasty.
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| Assyrians | Conquered Israel and scattered the Israelites (diaspora)
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| Egyptian Society | Depended on the annual flooding of the Nile to both irrigate and fertilize their crops, polytheistic, strong central government, writing system called Hieroglyphics
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| Greek Dark Ages | Invasions, disorders, and declining populations meant that few records have survived and that writing itself may have disappeared during the Greek Dark Ages.
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| Greek City States | Writing was re-invented in the eighth century as the dark ages ended.
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| The Silk Road | The main road went from the Chinese Capitol to the Taklamlkan desert, part of the road carried caravan traffic between China and the Roman Empire.
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| The Knok | Were a people that lived in the area now known as Nigeria, peaceful farmers who built small communities, who built jewelry of iron and tin, interested in beauty and decoration (Terra cotta Figurines)
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| The Aztecs | Took over Mexican culture, a major feature of their culture was human sacrifice, government was centralized with a king and a large army, skilled builders and engineers, astronimers and mathemeticians
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| Andean Civilization | Characterized by the evolution of beautifully made pottery, intricate fabrics, and flat topped mounds called Huacas
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| The Incas | A Tribe from the interior of south America who termed themselves "Children of the Sun", sun worshipers, well-developed system of roads, at the apex of their power just before the Spanish conquest.
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| The Mayan People | Developed a highly integrated society with elaborate religious observances for which they built stone and mortar pyramid temples, developed an elaborate calendar, a system of writing, and the math concept of zero.
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| The Woodland People | Lived in the great lakes in Northern Mississippi and built burial mounds of several varieties.
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| The Mississippian People | Lived in the middle and southern Mississippi area, they built flat topped mounds as sub-structures for wooden temples.
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| The Anasazi People | Developed Adobe Architecture, worked the land extensively, had a highly developed system of irrigation, and made cloth and baskets. No written Language.
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| The Hohokam People | Built separate stone and timber houses around a central plaza. No written Language.
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| The Frankish Kingdom | The most important medieval Germanic state, under Clovis I the Franks finished conquering Gaul, Clovis converted to Christianity and founded the Meroviangian Dynasty.
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| The Holy Roman Empire | Was intended to reestablish the roman empire in the west. Charles's son, Louis the Pious, succeeded him. On Louis' death, his three sons divided up the land.
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| Manorialism | Refers to the economic system in which large estates granted by the King to Nobles strove for self-sufficiency
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| Feudalism | Describes the decentralized political system of personal ties and obligations that bound vassals to their lords.
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| Serfs | Where peasants who were bound to the land, they worked three or four days a week in return for the right to work their own land. In difficult times the Nobles were supposed to provide for the serfs.
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| Enfranchisement | Freeing of Serfs.
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| Magna Carta | Established the principle of a limited English Monarchy monitored by the Barons.
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| Lay Investiture | Monarchs chose the high church officials of their realm
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| Hundred Years War | Was sparked because Edward the III, King of England, had a claim to the French Throne. The War was between England and France.
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| The Reconquista | Wrested control of Spain from the Muslims, El Sid, was the most famous of its Knights, the Reconquista was organized by small Christian states of Navarre, Aragon, Castile, and Portugal.
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| Thomas Aquinas | Believed that there were two orders of truth, the lower reason could demonstrate propositions such as the existence of God, but on a higher level some of God's mysteries such as the Trinity must be accepted on faith. (Summa Theologica)
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| Joan of Arc | An illiterate peasant girl who said she heard voices of Saints, rallied the French army for several victories, was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English, burned at the stake.
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| Geoffrey Chaucer | The first of the great English poets. His best know work is Canterbury Tales.
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| Daunte | A Florentine writer who spent much of his life in exile (divine comedy).
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| Petrarch | Wrote in Latin and Italian, encouraged the study of ancient Rome, collected and preserved work of ancient writers, and produced work in the classical literary style.
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| Boccaccio | Wrote the "Decameron", a collection of short stories in Italian which were meant to amuse the reader.
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| Martin Luther | A miners son from Saxony, studied for a career in Law,underwent a religious experience that led him to become an Augustinian Friar, came to believe that good works could not earn the sinner salvation, only through faith-grace.
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| John Calvin | Emphasized a doctrine of pre-destination and believed that church and state should be united, Calvinism triumphed as the major religion in Scotland under the leadership of John Knox.
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| The Counter-Reformation | Brought changes to the portion of the western church which retained its allegiance to the Pope, reform of the Catholic church.
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| Arminius | A Dutch Theologian who shifted the emphasis in Calvinist beliefs away from absolute Pre-Destination.
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| Mercantilism | 1- wealth is measured in terms of commodities
2- Economic activities should increase the power of government
3- A nation should purchase as little as possible from enemy nations
4- Colonies existed for benefit of mother country
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| English Civil War | The Constitutional Issue of the relationship between the king and parliament
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| Cavaliers and Roundheads | Cavaliers- if they supported the king
Roundheads-if they supported Parliament
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| The Toleration Act | Granted the right of public worship to Protestant non-conformists but did not permit them to hold office
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| Trials for Treason Act | Stated that a person accused of treason should be shown the accusations against him and should have the advice of council. They also could not be convicted accept upon the testimony of two independent witnesses.
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| The Act of Settlement | Provided that should William or Anne died without children the throne should descend to sophia of Hanover. A Grand-daughter of the king.
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| Ptolemaic View | The Universe was a series of spheres with a fixed and motionless earth at the center.
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| Nikolai Copernicus | Disputed this earth centered Ptolemaic universe, believed the universe was centered around a motionless sun.
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| Johannes Kepler | Built upon Copernicus' work and arrived at this three laws of planetary motion.
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| Galileo Galilei | A mathematician, created the telescope, discovered the mountains and craters on the moon, the moon's of Jupiter, discovered that other planets composed of a substance similar to that of earth rather than a heavenly substance, house arrest.
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| Isaac Newton | Three famous laws of motion.
1- Every object continues in a state of rest unless deflected by a force
2- The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting upon it
3- To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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| The Enlightenment | Fostered a belief in the existence of God as a rational explanation of the universe and its form.
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| Counter-Enlightenment | Encompassed diverse and disparate groups who disagreed with the fundamental assumptions of the enlightenment and pointed out its weaknesses.
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| Rene Descartes | Sought a basis for logic and thought. He found it in a man's ability to think. "I think, therefore I am."
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| Rationalist | Stressed deductive reasoning or mathematical logic as the basis for their source of knowledge
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| Benedict de Spinoza | Developed a rational pantheism in which he equated God and nature he denied all free will, mechanical universe.
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| Gottfried Willheim Leibriz | Worked on symbolic logic and calculus and invented a calculating machine. He had a mechanistic world in life, view, and thought of God as a hypothetical abstraction.
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| Empiricists | Stressed inductive observation "The Scientific Method"
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| John Locke | Pioneered the Empiricists approach to knowledge and stressed the importance of environment and human development. He classified knowledge as 1- according to reason, 2- Contrary to Reason, 3- Above Reason
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| Absolutes | They believed in absolute truth, ethics, and natural law.
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| Roman Catholic Jansenism | In France argued against the idea of an uninvolved and impersonal God
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| Hasidism | In Eastern European Jewish Communities, stressed a religious fervor and direct communication with God.
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| The French Revolution | Broke out when the third estate broke away from the national assembly and were locked out of their meeting place by Lewis XVI
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