CIS CH3 Info & Communications Technologies
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| enterprise architecture | EA; roadmap created by an organization to describe its current situation & where it should head to achieve its mission, focusing on biz strategy & tech infrastructure required to achieve it.
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| these create enterprise architecture | hardware, software, & telecommunications
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| 4 hardware components of a computer | input, output, process, storage
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| computer | any electronic device that can accept, manipulate, store, & output data, & whose instructions can be programmed.
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| ASCII code | a code that defines how keyboard characters are encoded into digital strings of ones & zeros.
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| keyboard shortcut CTRL+C | Copy selected text
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| keyboard shortcut CTRL+V | paste
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| keyboard shortcut CTRL+S | save current document
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| keyboard shortcut CTRL+Z | undo
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| keyboard shortcut CTRL+F | open a Find window
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| input devices | 1/4 hardware components: keyboard, mouse, joystick, graphics tablet, touch-screen, microphones, scanners, sensors, cameras
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| optical scanners | electronic devices that capture text or images & convert them to digital format
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| QR code | quick response code invented by Toyota to track vehicles in the factory, which is now used widely in advertising
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| optical character recognition (OCR) | capability of specialized software to interpret the actual letters & #'s on a page to create a digital document that can be edited, rather than a flat picture.
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| radio frequency identification (RFID) | technology placed on tags w/ small chips equipped w/ microprocessor & sometimes a battery that stores info on tagged object's history
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| microprocessor | a tiny antenna to receive & transmit data
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| output devices | 1/4 hardware components: display on a monitor, cellphone or handheld device/ tablet, printers, speakers.
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| central processing unit | CPU; brain of a computer, which handles info processing, calculations, & control tasks.
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| transistor | small electrical circuit made from a semiconductor material such as silicone
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| Moore's Law | a principle named for computer executive Gordon Moore, which states that advances in computer technology, such as processing speed or storage capabilities, doubles about every 2 years.
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| byte | measurement unit for computer storage capacity; a byte holds 8 zeros and ones & represents a single character.
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| random access memory | RAM; a computer's primary temporary storage area accessed by the CPU to execute instructions.
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| in-memory computing | refers to the use of primary storage as the main place info is stored, rather than in secondary storage devices such as hard drives, to vastly increase speed.
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| mainframe | developed for LG biz in the 60's aka "big iron," still used for massive bulk processing tasks & financial transactions requiring high reliability. Deployed as servers for LG networks. Dominated by IBM
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| supercomputer | from 60's, high-end computers featuring the fastest processors for calculation-intensive tasks in areas such as physics, weather modeling, & molecular analysis
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| minicomputer | smaller size than mainframes, worked for small & midsized businesses through 90's & were replaced by PC servers. Now called midrange & are used as servers.
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| microcomputer | PC's for short, 90's, replacing the dumb terminals & offering far more capability on the desktop. Powerful ones used as servers.
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| laptop | integrated display screens & portability, battery-powered popular in late 80's for mobility. Run much the same software as desktops but slower. Many now touchscreen
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| netbook | engineered to be smaller and cheaper than laptops, 2000's - cost-effective wireless connection to Internet, widespread distribution.
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| smartphones | 90's, combine cellphone capabilities w/ data communications for web browsing, email, & text messages
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| tablet | mobile device w/ large touchscreen & virtual keyboard; smaller & thinner than laptop & larger than smartphone. Popular w/ introduction of iPad.
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| Processing device | 1/4 hardware components; computer's brain is CPU (central processing unit),
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| Storage device | 1/4 hardware components; measured by byte; primary storage or secondary storage
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| primary storage | typically on integrated circuits located close to CPU, & includes RAM.
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| secondary storage | computer hard drives, optical disks like CD-ROMs and DVDs, flash memory, memory cards, cloud.
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| business drivers that affect storage decisions | access, speed, cost, & safety.
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| organizations must have their most important data easily accessible to... | respond to customer queries & process transactions.
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| organizations must have safety because... | data must be backed up & storage solutions depend partly on how much downtime the organization can risk.
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| Kilobyte | KB, 1,024 bytes; a short, text-only email message
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| Megabyte | MB, 1024^2 bytes; a digital song runs about 3 MB
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| Gigabyte | GB, 1024^3 bytes; about 1 hour of TV recording (not HD)
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| Terabyte | TB, 1024^4 bytes; about 150 hours of HD video recording
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| Petabyte | PB, 1024^bytes; eBay's database: 52 PB (2012)
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| software | computer component that contains the instruction that directs computer hardware to carry out tasks - it processes the zeros and ones and is the brain of the info system
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| application software | type of software used to support a wide range of individual & business activities, such as transaction processing, payroll, word processing, & video editing.
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| system software | type of software that controls basic computer operations such as file mgmt, disk storage, hardware interfaces, & integration w/ the application software.
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| operating system (OS) | category or system software that performs a variety of critical basic tasks, such as handling device input & output, maintaining file structures, & allocating memory.
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| application software | word processing, spreadsheets, graphics, video, email, browsers, business apps, transaction processing, manufacturing, CRM, acct'g, HR, databases
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| system software | utilities (security, file mgmt, device control, communications, disk cleaners), operating system, hardware
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| antivirus software | protects against viruses & other malicious code
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| disk defragmenter | optimizes disk performance by moving parts of the same file to continguous sectors on the hard drive
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| compression software | reduces file sizes to conserve disk space
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| shredder | makes deleted files completely unrecoverable
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| recovery | assists with the recovery of deleted files
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| file management | assists w/ tasks such as renaming groups of files, changing file attributes, & others
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| COBOL | one of the oldest languages, but more than 200 billion lines of code are still in use for legacy business applications
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| FORTRAN | older language in special projects involving intensive calculations
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| C++ | widely used object-oriented language w/ considerable support from vendors
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| Java | object-oriented language widely used in web development projects, & designed to run on many different platforms.
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| .NET | Microsoft's proprietary language used in its development environment
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| Python | dynamic object-oriented language that runs on a variety of platforms, including smartphones; its growing in popularity
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| PHP | open source programming language that can be embedded in HTML that helps create dynamic web pages in software such as WordPress
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| utility software | the category of system software that includes programs to perform specific tasks that help manage, tune, & protect the computer hardware & software.
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| programming language | an artificial language used to write software that provides the instructions for the computer about how to accept info, process it, & provide output
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| legacy systems | older info systems that remain in use b/c they still function & are costly to replace
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| source code | all the statements that programmers write in a particular programming language to create a functioning software program.
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| object-oriented programming | a type of software programming that focuses on "objects" rather than lists of instructions & routines to manipulate data.
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| commercial off-the-shelf | COTS; commercially available computer software that is ready to buy, install, & use.
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| software as a service | SaaS; a type of commercially available software that is owned, hosted, & managed by a vendor, & accessed by customers remotely, usually via the Internet.
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| open source software | a type of software whose licensing terms comply w/ criteria such as free distribution, so other ppl can access the source code to improve it, build upon it, or use it in new programs
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| network | a group of interconnected devices, such as computers, phones, printers, or displays, that can share resources & communicate using standard protocols.
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| bits per second | bps; the measurement of transmission speed, defined as the # of bits transmitted each second
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| each "bit" is... | a single zero or one & a string of 8 bits makes a byte.
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| bandwidth | the maximum amount of information in bits per second that a particular channel can transmit
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| twisted pair of wires | the most common form of wired media, these wires consist of thin, flexible copper wires used in ordinary phones.
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| coaxial cables | wired medium, initially used for cable TV, consisting of a single inner conductor wire (typically copper) surrounded by insulation, which is then surrounded by a mesh-like conductor
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| optical fiber | cables that transmit bits by the means of light pulses along a glass or plastic fiber instead of electrical signals over a conductor; ideally suited for long distances.
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| twisted pair wire | insulated copper wires that are also used for phones: somewhat fragile, but flexible enough to wind through ceilings & walls.
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| coaxial cable | thick cables w/ a single inner conductor core, usually copper, & a surrounding a mesh. Faster transmission than twisted pair, & already installed in many homes served by cable TV
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| optical fiber | transmit signals w/ light pulses along a glass or plastic fiber, rather than electrical signals over a conductor. Fastest transmission speed & highest bandwidth, ideal for long distances b/c signals do not degrade.
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| types of wired media | twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, & optical fiber.
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| wireless media | electromagnetic waves transmit data wirelessly
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| electromagnetic waves | the radiation associated w/ electric & magnetic fields. aka light
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| L to R order of the electromagnetic spectrum | radio, WiFi (cell phones), microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma ray.
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| wavelength | the distance btw one peak of an electromagnetic wave to the next
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| hertz | Hz; the number of cycles per second of a wave
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| microwave transmission | the technology involving signals in the gigahertz range that are transmitted to relays in the line of sight
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| Long wavelengths look | long, with a lot of space btw peaks
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| Short wavelengths look | short, with minimal space btw peaks
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| 10^3 | radio
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| 10^-2 | microwave
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| WiFi & cell phones fall between these two on the electromagnetic spectrum | radio & microwave
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| 10^-5 | infrared
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| 10^-6 | visible
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| 10^-8 | ultraviolet
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| 10^-10 | x-ray
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| 10^-12 | gamma ray
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| wifi | short for wireless fidelity; refers to a computer network in which connections rely on radio waves at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz for transmission
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| wireless router | a device connected to a computer network that emits digital signals from its antenna & enables wireless connectivity to the network
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| Bluetooth | a technology that uses radio waves for connectivity, commonly used for wireless connections over very short distances
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| digital subscriber line | DSL; technology that supports high speed two-way digital communication over twisted pair phone lines
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| local area network | LAN; a network that connects devices such as computers, printers, & scanners in a single building or home
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| circuit-switched network | a type of network in which the nodes communicate by first enabling a dedicated channel btw them.
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| PAN - personal area network | 20-30ft, for devices w/in reach
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| LAN - local area network | home, office, school, building
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| CAN - campus (or corporate) area network | interconnected LANs encompassing several buildings for a university or corporate campus.
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| MAN - metropolitan area network | interconnected LANs or CANs for a city
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| WAN - wide area network | interconnected LANs, CANs, or MANs covering a wide geographic area
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| GAN - global area network | supports mobile communications across the globe, using a mix of satellite or other strategies.
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| packet switching | a technology used by networks in which data is broken into segments, called packets, for transmission. The packets contain info about their destination & position in the whole message, & they are reassembled at the receiving end.
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| voice over IP (VoIP) | the technologies that make voice communications across networks using packet switching feasible, including those used over the Internet
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| client-server network | a type of network in which the workload for running applications is shared btw the server & client devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, or smartphones.
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| n-tier | type of network architecture in which several servers, specialized for particular tasks, may be accessed by a client computer to perform some activity, such as retrieving a bank balance.
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| peer-to-peer network | type of network in which there is no central server & computers can share files, printers, & an Internet connection w/ one another.
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| Ethernet | a communication protocol widely used for local area networks
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| TCP/IP | abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol & Internet Protocol; used for Internet communications
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| Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) | The next generation protocol for the Internet, which will support far more IP addresses compared to the current scheme
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| WiMax | technology that relies on microwave transmissions to blanket large metropolitan areas from microwave towers, usually on buildings.
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| virtualization | cost-cutting approach to servers in which multiple operating systems run concurrently on a single physical server
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| private branch exchange (PBX) | technology that manages all the office phone lines, voice mail, internal billing, call transfers, forwarding, conferencing, & other voice services
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| cloud computing | ICT architecture in which users access software apps & info systems remotely over the Internet, rather than locally on an individual PC or from servers in the org's data center.
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| SaaS | software as a service, software through the cloud
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| is primary or secondary storage faster? | primary
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| open source software | licensing terms that call for free redistribution; developed by volunteer communities & carries no licensing costs
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| networks connect... | computers & other devices, & their transmission media can be wired or wireless
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| enterprise architecture | organization's master blueprint that describes its current environment, its future state, & the roadmap for achieving it.
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