Chapter 4: The DNA StoryChromosomes, Genes and Genomics
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| Anticodon | The three-base sequence on the tRNA molecule that binds to the codon on the mRNA molecule during translation
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| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects and replicates within bacterial cells
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| Central Dogma | The doctrine that DNA codes for RNA through transcription and RNA is converted to protein through translation
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| Chromosome | The structure in the nucleoid or cell nucleus that carries heredity information in the form of genes
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| Codon | The three-base sequence on the mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid insertion into a polypeptide
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| Comparative Genomics | The comparison of DNA sequences between organisms
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | The genetic material of all cells and many viruses
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| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication by combining complementary nucleotides into an existing strand
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| Double Helix | The structure of DNA, in which the two complementary strands are connected by hydrogen bonds
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| Exon | Any segment of a gene that is transcribed and retained in the final messenger RNA product
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| Gene | A segment of a DNA molecule that provides the biochemical information for a functional product
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| Gene Expression | The process by which the information in a gene is transcribed and translated into protein
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| Genetic Code | The specific order of nucleotide sequences on DNA or RNA that encode specific amino acids for protein synthesis
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| Genomics | The identification and study of gene sequences in an organism’s DNA
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| Heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring
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| Human Endogenous Retrovirus | Virus genes that are incorporated into human chromosomes and comprise up to 10% of the human genome
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| Human Genome | The complete set of genetic information in a human cell
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| Human Genome Project | An international scientific research project that sequenced the human DNA in a cell, and is identifying and mapping all of the genes
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| Human Microbiome | The community of microorganisms and viruses that normally resides on the surface of the skin and in the mouth, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of the human body
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| Intron | A section of noncoding DNA that is removed after transcription by splicing the mRNA transcript
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| Messenger RNA | An RNA transcript containing the information for synthesizing a specific polypeptide
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| Metagenome | The collective genomes from a population of organisms
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| Metagenomics | The study of genes isolated directly from environmental samples
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| Microbial Forensics | The discipline involved with the recognition, identification, and control of a pathogen
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| Microbial Genomics | The discipline of sequencing, analyzing, and comparing microbial genomes
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| Microbiome | A specific environment characterized by a distinctive microbial community and its collective genetic material
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| Nucleotide | A component of a nucleic acid consisting of a carbohydrate molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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| Operon | The unit of bacterial DNA consisting of a promotor, operator, and a set of structural genes
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| Promoter Site | The region of a template DNA strand or operon to which RNA polymerase binds
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| Repressor Protein | A protein that, when bound to the operator, blocks transcription
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| Ribonucleic Acid | The nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and gene control
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| Ribosomal RNA | An RNA transcript that forms part of the ribosomes structure
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| Ribosome | A cellular component comprised of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis
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| RNA polymerase | The enzyme that synthesizes an RNA polynucleotide from a DNA template
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| Semiconservative Replication | The DNA copying process where each parent (old) strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand
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| Transcription | The biochemical process in which RNA is synthesized according to a code supplied by the bases of a gene in the DNA molecule
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| Transfer RNA | A molecule of RNA that unites with amino acids and transports them to the ribosome in protein synthesis
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| Translation | The biochemical process in which the code on the mRNA molecule is made into a sequence of amino acids
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