APCSP FExam Rev
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Overflow | (error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number, like a car’s odometer “rolling over”),
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| Round-off | (error that results when the number of bits is not enough to represent the actual number, like 3 digits to represent π as 3.14)
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| Lossy | (Compressing data in a way that throws some data away and makes it almost impossible to recover the original, great compression, like JPEG images)
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| Lossless | (Compressing data in a way that preserves all data away and allows full recovery of the original, good compression -- usually not as good as lossy, like PNG images)
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| Metadata | (data about data, like a camera storing the location, aperture, shutter speed, etc. for a digital photo)
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| Sequencing | code flows line by line, one after another, like a recipe
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| Iteration | (using a looping control structure, like while, for, foreach, repeat, repeat-until, etc
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| Selection | a boolean condition to determine which of two algorithmic paths are taken, aka if-then
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| Reasonable time | polynomial in the number of steps an algorithm takes in the worst case based on the input size
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| Not reasonable time | Usually exponential in the number of steps, like doubling every time your input grows by one
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| Heuristic | using a “rule” to guide an algorithm, like always walking toward the north star if you were stuck in a forest
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| Undecidable | A problem that is so difficult, we can’t ever create an algorithm that would be able to answer yes or no for all inputs. like determining if a user’s program run on some input would always stop and not run forever)
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| Linear vs. Binary search | Going one by one vs starting in the middle and going left/right like looking for a word in the dictionary -- binary search requires the list to be sorted in order
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| API's | Application Programming Interface, how you define libraries and call them
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| Network | A computer network is a group of two or more computers that are linked together.
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| World Wide Web | An Internet application that is based on the HTTP protocol
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| Client | computer or software application that requests services from a server located on the internet -- e.g., a Web browser is an example of a client.
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| SMTP/POP | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Post Office Protocol (POP) are sets of rules that govern the email servcies.
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| URL | WWW identier that uniquely identifies a resource on the WWW
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| Protocol | A protocol is a system of rules that govern the behavior of some system.
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| Modem | a device that connects a computer to an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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| Ethernet | An ethernet is a network that uses wires to connect computers.
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| Host | An Internet host computer is a computer that's connected directly to the Internet -- often a computer that provides certain services or resources.
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| LAN | network that connects computers within a school or home.
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| WAN | network that connects devices over a broad geographic region -- e.g., a telephone network.
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| Server | a computer connected to the Internet that provides some kind of service -- e.g., Google's Gmail service.
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| HTTP | The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the set of rules that governs the WWW application.
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| HTML | is a language for formatting Web pages.
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| Router | a device that transmits data between two different networks.
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| Internet Service Provider | a company that provides customers with Internet access.
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| Wifi | network uses radio waves to connect devices (computers, smart phones, printers).
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| host | computer is a computer that's connected directly to the Internet -- often a computer that provides certain services or resources.
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| router | a device that transmits data between two different networks.
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| IP Address | a unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.
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| packet | collection of data used by the TCP/IP protocol to transmit data across the Internet. Each packet contains routing data as well as the content of the message.
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| packet switching | method by which information is transmitted through the Internet. Information is broken into packets and each packet is routed independently from source to destination.
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| abstraction layers | The Internet is organized into the link layer (Ethernet protocol), the Internet layer (IP), transport layer (TCP), and application layer (HTTP).
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| cipher | a system for creating secret messages
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| cryptography | 'secret writing'. The art and science of writing secret messages.
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| encryption | the process of using a secret key to convert plaintext into ciphertext.
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| plaintext | an unreadable, secret message.
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| ciphertext | an unreadable, secret message.
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| decryption | the process of using a secret key to convert ciphertext into plaintext.
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| encryption key | a piece of secret data used in by encryption and decryption algorithms
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