Exam 1 Terms
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| Convergent evolution | organisms evolved similar characteristics as a result of exposure to similar environmental changes (natural selection)
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| macroevolution | large-scale evolutionary changes; over a long period of time; organism moves into new taxonomic group at or above species level
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| microevolution | minor evolutionary changes; over a few generations; causes allele changes or genotype frequency changes
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| modern synthesis | explanation of evolution that utilizes molecular genetics, phylogeny, natural selection, mutations. etc.
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| population | individuals of the same species
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| species | successfully interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring
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| vestigial structure | remnants of structures that used to be functional in ancestral organisms
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| balanced polymorphism | a type of genetic polymorphism in which 2+ alleles persist in a population due to natural selection
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| bottleneck effect | an event that rapidly, randomly, decreases population size
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| cline | gradual change in species' phenotype and genotype ; involves geographically separate populations of the same species
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| directional selection | natural selection selects against one of the phenotypic extremes and favors intermediates and other phenotypic extremes
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| disruptive selection | natural selection selects against the intermediates and favors phenotypic extremes
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| founder effect | when a small group of individuals starts a new colony and a new population arises from the original group; group has genetic variation
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| frequency-dependent selection | preserves balanced polymorphism; the frequency of a phenotype in a population determines the fitness of that trait
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| genetic drift | change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
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| genetic polymorphism | genetic variation among individuals of a population
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| geographic variation (cline) | difference in genotype and phenotype frequencies in a population; caused by an environmental gradient
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| heterozygote advantage | preserves balanced polymorphism; heterozygote has a higher level of fitness than either homozygote
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| inbreeding | mating of genetically similar of genetically close individuals
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| stabilizing selection | natural selection selects against phenotypic extremes and favors intermediate phenotypes
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| adaptive radiation | evolution of several species from one or a few ancestral species; occurs in a short time
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| allometric growth | growth of different body parts at different rates
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| allopatric growth | formation of 2 new species following the physical separation of individuals of a single population
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| gradualism | evolution occurs due to slow, steady, changes over time
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| hybrid inviability | egg and sperm not compatible ; no production of viable zygote and embryo
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| hybrid sterility | abnormal gametes of interspecies; able to produce zygote
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| hybrid breakdown | hybrid unable to reproduce successfully. F1 and F2 generations may be produced
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| hybrid zone | area of overlap between related species or subspecies in which interbreeding occurs
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| paedomorphosis | retention of juvy features in adult body form
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| preadaptation | a feature that functioned in one way originally but adapted to perform new function
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| prezygotic barrier | prohibits fertilization aka zygote formation
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| postzygotic barrier | occurs after fertilization; prevent hybrid from living to multiply
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| punctuated equilibrium | evolution proceeds with period of little or no change and then rapid changes occur over a short period of time
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| sympatric speciation | formation of 2 new species within the geographic region of the parent population; no physical barrier is present but reproductive isolating mechanism are
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| autotroph | producer: makes orgo compounds from inorgo materials.e.g photosynthesis
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| heterotroph | consumer; can't synthesize its food
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| coacervate | a type of protobiont contain enzymes for complex synthesis
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| endomembranous theory | single membrane organelles originated by budding off internal surface of plasma membrane
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| endosymbiont | an organism that live in or on another
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| endosymbiosis theory | double membrane organelles arose from a symbiont relationship in which the endosymbiont living inside cell lost its autonomy and became incorporated as an organelle within that cell
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| microsphere | type of protobiont; formed by adding water to abiotically formed polypeptides
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| protobiont | a vesicle of abiotically produced polymers
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| stromatolite | a column of prokaryote cells that become fossilized
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