Rio/ Marieb Chapt 8 Vocab, Study Guide, Questions
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| The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the frontal bone. | False
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| The pleura is a thin, single layered serosa that divides into parietal and visceral pleura. | False
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| The alveolar ventilation is the best index of effective ventilation. | True
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| Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. | True
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| In chronic bronchitis, mucous production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree. | False
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| Labored breathing is called dyspnea. | True
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| Each lung has an indentation, the pelvis, through which blood vessels enter and leave the lung. | False
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| The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of ventilation. | True
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| The pleura is a thin, single-layered serosa that divides into the parietal and visceral pleura. | False
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| Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as s sphincter that prevents air passage. | True
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| The paired lungs are located in the mediastinum. | True
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| The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing. | False
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| No exchange of gases occurs here | Terminal Bronchioles
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| The respiratory membrane is composed of bused basal laminas for capillary walls and | Type I Cells
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| Terminates in alveoli | Alveolur Duct
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| Composed of simple squamous epithelium | Type I Cells
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| Intrapleural pressue is normally about 4 mmHg less than the pressure in the alveoli. | True
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| The largest amount of carbon dioxide transferred in the blood stream is in the form of carbonic anhydrase. | False
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| Composed of cuboidal cells | Type II Cells
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| Increased Temperature results in decreased oxygen unloading from hemoglobin. | False
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| Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begin | Respiratory Bronchioles
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| The respiratory membrane is composed of bused basal laminas for capillary walls and | Type 1 Cells
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| Secreta a fluid containing surfactant | Type II Cells
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| The physiological term for breathing. | Pulmonary Ventilation
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| What volume of air is moved in and out of the lungs during normal, quiet breathing? | 500mL
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| The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (2800 ml). | Inpiratory Reserve Volume
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| The process by which air is taken into the lungs. | Inspiration
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| TV + IRV + ERV = (4800) ml. | Vital Capacity (VC)
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| An inspiratory muscle. | Diaphragm
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| The apparatus used to measure respiratory volume. | Spirometer
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| Sounds produced by air rushing through the trachea and bronchi. | Bronchial Sounds
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| What is the normal pH of arterial blood (+/- 0.02)? | 7.4
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| When carbon dioxide enters red blood cells and combines with water, what is formed? | Carbonic Acid
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| Air and food are routed in to the proper channels by the: | Larynx
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| The loudness of a person's voice depends on: | The force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
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| The smallest macroscopic subdivision of the lung is the: | Lobule
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| The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because: | They produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during breathing
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| Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by: | Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
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| For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be | 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
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| The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is: | Increase of carbon dioxide
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| In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is: | Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
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| Which of the following changes occurs as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller? | Smooth muscle amount increases
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| The ideal vital capacity of an individual is around: | 4800 mL
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| Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? | Alveoli
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| The respiratory membrane is a combination of: | Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal lamina
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| A gas emboli may occur because: | A diver holds his breath upon ascent
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| Inspiratory capacity is: | The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
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| Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn? | The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute
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| The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are: | Surface tension from pleural fluid, positive pressure, and atmospheric pressure on the thorax
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| Which of the following is not possible? | Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance
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| Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation | As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
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| The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes form a low to a high altitude because: | The concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
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| Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: | A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal
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| Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)? | Inferior
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| Forms the Adam's apple: | thyroid
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| Shaped like a signet ring: | Cricoid
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| A "lid" for the larynx: | Epiglottis
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| Vocal cord attachment: | Arytenoid
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| Which is lung longer? | Left
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| Larger in lung diameter? | Right
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| Which lung is more horizonatal | Left
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| Which lung more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways? | Right
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| Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi: | Trachea
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| Site of tonsils: | Pharynx
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| Food passageway posterior to the trachea: | Esophagus
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| Covers the glottis during swallowing of food: | Epiglottis
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| Contains the vocal cords: | Larynx
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| Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration: | Phrenic Nerve
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| Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax: | Parietal Pleura
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| Site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood: | alveolus
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| Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx: | opening of pharyngotympanic tube
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| Opening between the vocal folds: | Glottis
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| Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity: | Concha
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| Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity: | Palate
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| 1. What is the significance of the fact that the human trachea if reinforced with cartilaginous rings? | Prevents its collapse during pressure changes occurring during breathing.
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| What is the function of the pleural membranes? | Produce a serous fluid that reduces friction during breathing movements and helps to hold the lungs tightly to the thorax wall which keeps the lungs inflated.
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| Name two functions of the nasal cavity mucosa. | Warms the incoming air and moistens the incoming air.
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| Trace a molecule of oxygen from the external nares to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs. | External nares to the nasal cavity to the pharynx to the larynx to the trachea to the primary bronchus to the secondary/tertiary bronchi, etc. to the bronchiole to the respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar duct to the alveolar sac across the alveolar/cap
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| What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space? | All but the respiratory zone structures (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli).
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| External respiration: | Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs.
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| Internal respiration: | Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body.
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| Cellular respiration: | Oxygen-using cellular processes (that produce energy) with tissue cells.
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| When the diaphragm is pushed up | The internal volume of the thoracic cage = decreasesThe internal pressure of the thoracic cage = increasesThe size (volume) of the lungs = decreasesAir flows = out of the lungs
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| When the diaphragm is pulled down | The internal volume of the thoracic cage = increasesThe internal pressure of the thoracic cage = decreasesThe size (volume) of the lungs = increasesAir flows = into the lungs
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| The internal conditions where air tends to flow into the lungs are increased thoracic volume and decreased pressure. | True
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| Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration? | Bronchial
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| Which of the respiratory sounds is heard primarily during both inspiration? | vesicular
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| Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration = | residual volume (~1100 ml)
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| Volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal expiration = | expiratory reserve (~1200 ml)
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| Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration = | tidal volume (~500 ml)
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| Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal inspiration = | inspiratory reserve (~2700-2800 ml)
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| Volume of air corresponding to TV + IRV + ERV = | vital capacity (~4800 ml)
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| Which of the following choices best describes the percentage of composition of air of Inspired and Expired CO2? | Inspired CO2: ~0.04%; Expired CO2: ~4%
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| Which of the following choices best describes the percentage of composition of air of Inspired and Expired N2? | Inspired N2: ~78%; Expired N2: ~74%
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| Which of the following choices best describes the percentage of composition of air of Inspired and Expired O2? | Inspired O2: ~21%; Expired O2: ~16%
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| Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm? | medulla oblongata and pons.
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| Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located? | aortic arch or aortic bodies and carotid sinus or carotid bodies or common carotid arteryor bifurcation.
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| Activation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins the inspiratory process. What effect does contraction of these muscles have on thoracic volume, and how is this accomplished? | This increases thoratic volume. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior-inferior dimension; the ribs wing up an dout, increasing the lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions.
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| What temporary physiological advantage does the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration create? | Increases the thoracic volume more; therefore, creates a greater negative internal pressure, causing the gases to rush in quickly. Also, more "fresh" air reaches the alveoli.
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| The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements. What would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, as with a puncture wound? | Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses.
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| How is this condition treated medically? | Air is withdrawn (chest tube) and the chest is closed.
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| Would a vital-capacity measurement differ if you performed the test while standing? While lying down? Explain. | Yes. When lying down or sitting, the abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, making it more difficult for the diaphragm to move inferiorly.
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| Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect? | Chronic bronchitis and emphysema (often associated). Chronic bronchitis decreases the volume of air that can be inhaled due to excessive mucus production; emphysema decreases the amount of air that can be exhaled (check-valve effect).
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| Why does hyperventilation produce apnea, or a reduced respiratory rate? | Hyperventilation washes carbon dioxide out of the blood. Since carbon dioxide is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased.
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| Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in "blood pressure" located? | Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
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| What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant? | Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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| Blood CO 2 levels and blood pH are related. When blood CO 2 levels increase, does the pH increase or decrease? Explain why. | The pH decreases. Carbon dioxide combines with water to produce carbonic acid which dissociates and liberates a hydrogen ion.
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| Define buffer: | A molecule or molecular system that acts to resist changes in pH.
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| What buffer system operates in blood plasma? | Carbonic acid - bicarbonate system.
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| What role does exhalation of carbon dioxide play in maintaining relatively constant blood pH? | Carbon dioxide leaves the blood during exhalation. This prevents an accumulation of carbonic acid.
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