Human Geography Chapter 11 Agriculture
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| Organic Agriculture | Approach of farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
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| Agriculture | The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
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| Primary Economic Activity | Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.
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| Secondary Economic Activity | Economic activity involving the processing of raw material and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
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| Tertiary Economic Activity | Economic activity associated with the provision of services such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
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| Quaternary Economic Activity | Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include, finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
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| Quinary Economic Activity | Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Example include scientific research and high-level management.
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| Plant Domestication | Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends of human intervention.
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| Root Crops | Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cutting from the plants.
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| Seed Crops | Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.
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| First Agricultural Revolution | Dating back 10,000 years ago, where plant domestication and animal domestication was achieved.
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| Animal Domestication | Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.
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| Subsistence Agriculture | Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.
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| Shifting Cultivation | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting & burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture
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| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting & burning. These clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture
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| Second Agricultural Revolution | Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.
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| Von Thunen Model | Explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determi
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| Third Agricultural Revolution | Currently in progress, has its principal orientation of development of Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs).
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| Green Revolution | The recently successful development of higher yield, fast growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area & a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth & food needs
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| Genetically Modified Organisms | Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.
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| Rectangular Survey System | Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
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| Township and Range System | A rectangular land decision scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.
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| Metes and Bounds System | A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.Because of imprecise nature US abadons for Rect. Survey System
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| Longlot Survey System | Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
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| Primogeniture | System which the eldest son in a family or, in exceptional cases, daughter inherits all of a dying parent's land.
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| Commercial Agriculture | Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
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| Monoculture | Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
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| Koppen Climatic Classification System | Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature precipitation.
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| Climatic Regions | Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.
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| Plantation Agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corp. & organized 2 produce a cash crop. Almost all were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many are divided into smaller holdings or reorganized cooperatives.
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| Luxury Crops | Non-substinence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.
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| Livestock Ranching | The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.
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| Mediterranean Agriculture | Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.
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| Agribusiness | General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.
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| p.f.s.donuts | pink frosted sprinkled donuts
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