Introduction Chapter
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| Who recognized Kidneys? Did he say they were regulatory or excretory? | Starling 1900,Said they were regulatory
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| What is the excretory function of the kidneys? | Regulate composition and volume of body fluids.
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| What are 7 functions of the kidneys? | Regulation of body fluid osmolality and volume, electrolyte balance, acid-base balanceExcretion of metabolic products and foreign substancesProduction and secretion of hormonesRole in calcium homeostatsisAdaptation to nephron loss
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| T/F Kidneys control both the osmolality and volume of body fluids | true
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| why control body fluid osmolality? | maintain cell volumeCarry on normal cardiovascular function
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| How do the kidneys control osmolality? | by regulating the excretion of water and NaCl
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| T/F The CV system and CNS integrate the kidney's function | True
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| What are some inorganic ions that the kidneys regulate? Organic? | INorganic-Na,K, Cl, HCO3, H, Ca, P/Organic-excretion of citrate or succinate
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| What is a process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them? | Excretion
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| What must happen with the excretion of electrolytes to maintain balance? | excretion must be balanced w/ daily intake
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| what will happen if intake exceeds excretion? | amount of a given electrolyte increases
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| what is the sole or primary route for excretion? | kidneys
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| How is body fluid pH maintained w/in very narrow limits? | by buffers w/in the body and coordinated action of the lungs and kidneys
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| what are the metabolic end products that the body no longer needs called? What excretes them? | Metabolic wastes; kidneys
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| What are some examples of metabolic wastes? | AA-Urea(50% of N products)Nuclic acid-uric acid: phosph-creatine to creatine, metabolites of hormones, hemoglobin end products
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| what rate are the metabolic wastes excreted? | rate that matches their production b/c concentrations are maintained at a constant level.
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| What are 3 examples of foreign substances eliminated by the kidneys? | Chemicals in food, herbicides and insecticides, and drugs
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| What happens with metabolic wastes if kidney function is compromised? | metabolic wastes and foreign substances accumulate
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| Do kidney's produce hormones? are they an endocrine organ? | Yes and yes
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| What hormones does the kidney produce and secrete? | Renin, Calcitrol(VitaminD), Erythropoeitin
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| What is renin? | not really a hormone but a protelytic enzyme used to produce an enzymeIt is a precursor
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| What does renin do? | It converts to Angiotensin and is part of the Aldosterone systemIt Regulates BP via Na/K balance
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| What is the function of Calcitrol? | normal reabsoption: Ca by GI tract decreases for bone deposition
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| What happens to calcitrol in renal disease? | Production is impaired and levels are reduced. Ca is reabosbed by intestine and then there are abnormalities in bone formation
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| What is ESRD and when is it seen? | End Stage Renal Disease and seen in people w/ a GSR<10% or normal
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| What must be done w/ people who have ESRD? | Renal replacement --> peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, renal transplant
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| What is the function of EPO? | Stimulates RBC formation by the bone marrow to control oxygen carrying capacity of blood. IT determines the RBC count.
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| What happens to EPO in kidney disease? | production and secretion is reduced and Anemia can be seen w/ CRF
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| What do kidneys release to regulate hormonal production and secretion? | Renalase which inactivates catacholamines to regulate BP
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| Do kidneys respond to homeostatic needs? | yes
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| What is the range that urinary volume may vary? | 0.5-18 L/day
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| What number can urine be diluted to? Concentrated to? | diluted-50mOsm/Lconcentrated-1200mOsm/L
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| Are the urinary system and reporductive system closely associated? | yes
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| In what animals does the urigenital system occur? What does this system mean? | animals and menmeans the urethra serves as a passage for both urine and sperm
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| What is waste? | substance that is useful to the body or may be present in excess of body's needs
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| What is a waste substance produced by the body? What are are 2 toxic examples? | Metabolic WasteNitrogenous Wastes(ammonia, urea, uric acic, creatine)Non-nitrogenous waste (CO2)
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| what is a bi-product of protein catabolism? | Urea
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| How is Urea formed? | proteins->AA->removal of -NH2 groupNH2 group->ammonia->urea
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| what does uric acid form from? | nucleic acid
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| What causes Azotemia? | accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood.
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| What does Azotemia turn into? | uremia
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| What happens after Uremia is reached? | Uremia->convulsion->coma->death
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| what does renal failure require? | Hemodialysis (replaces kidey's job to rid waste and puts blood back into body)
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| What is the normal urine production per day? | 1-2 L/day
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| What is Polyuria/divresis? | >2 L/day of urine
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| What is Oliguria? | <500 ml/day of urine
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| What is Anuna? | no urine due to kidney disease, dehydration, or prostate enlargement
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| What is normal urine output per day? | 0-100 ml/day
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| At what number is urine output too low to where the body can't maintain a safe low concentration of wast in the blood (Azotemia) | <400 ml/day
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| Why do we care about Kidneys? | Ohh yeah, we don't!!! :)
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