Vibrio , Aeromonas , Plesiomonas and Campylobacter Species
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| Vibrio *colony morphology* | polar, sheathed flagella, curved, highly polymorphic
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| Vibrio *gram stain results* | gram- negative rods
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| Vibrio *testing results* | oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, reduces nitrate to nitrites, positive mucoid stringing
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| Vibrio *virulence factors* | common flagellar, H antigens, somatic o antigens
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| Vibrio *epidemiology* | aquatic environments including fresh water, brackish or esturine water, and marine or salt water.
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| Vibrio *infections* | gastroenteritis, cholera, fatal septicemia, necrotizing fasciitis
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| V cholera *colony morphology* | medium to large smooth opaque, iridescent with greenish hue, α or β- hemolytic
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| V cholera *gram stain results* | gram-negative curved rods
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| V cholera *testing results* | VP positive, Hemolyzes, erythrocytes, inhibited by polymyxin B
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| V cholera *virulence factors* | resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline
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| V cholera *epidemiology* | developing countries, Bengal, Bangladesh, asia and Africa, central America
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| V cholera *infections* | cholera, gastroenteritis, motile, single polar flagellum
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| Aeromonas *colony morphology* | mesophilic or psychrophilic, large round raised opaque, smooth and often mucoid
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| Aeromonas *gram stain results* | Gram negative rods
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| Aeromonas *testing results* | Oxidase positive, Glucose Fermenting
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| Aeromonas *virulence factors* | multifactorial patterns associated with enteric disease
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| Aeromonas *epidemiology* | fresh water, estuarine. Marine environments
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| Aeromonas *infections* | pediatric diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, extra intestinal infections
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| Plesiomonas *colony morphology* | Motile by two to five lophotrichous polar flagella; swarming does not occur; Colonies appear grayish, shiny, opaque with a smooth surface.
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| Plesiomonas *gram stain results* | Gram-negative.
Round ended, straight rods
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| Plesiomonas *testing results* | Oxidase-positive.
Catalase-positive.
Lysine-, Ornithine-, and Arginine-Decarboxylase-positive.
Indole-positive.
Lipase-negative.
Most strains are sensitive to vibriostatic agent 0/129.
DNase-negative.
Voges-Proskauer-negative.
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| Plesiomonas *virulence factors* | resistance to penicillin class of antibiotics and more than one amnioglycoside.
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| Plesiomonas *epidemiology* | soil and aquatic environments; widely distributed among warm- and cold-blooded animals
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| Plesiomonas *infections* | gastroenteritis, extra intestinal infection
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| Campylobacter *colony morphology* | curved, non-spore-forming, moist runny looking and spreading, usually nonhemolytic, round raised or flat; can produce smooth convex translucent colonies.
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| Campylobacter *gram stain results* | gram-negative rods
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| Campylobacter *testing results* | jejuni: catalsae-positive, reduces nitrate to nitrite, urease- negative, H2S - negative, hippurate hydrolysis -positive, Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis - positive
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| Campylobacter *virulence factors* | multiple flagella
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| Campylobacter *epidemiology* | direct contact with infected pets, indirectly by consumption of contaminated water, dairy products, and improperly cooked poultry, some spp. are sexually transmitted
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| Campylobacter *infections* | diarrheal disease, nausea, vomitting
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| Helicobacter pylori *colony morphology* | convex and translucent in appearance, slight hemolysis around colonies, which are grey in color.
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| Helicobacter pylori *gram stain results* | Gram-negative, microaerophilic
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| Helicobacter pylori *testing results* | catalase - positive, variable nitrate reduction, urease - negative, TSI - negative, Hippurate Hydrolysis - negative, Indoxyl Acetate Hydrolysis - negative
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| Helicobacter pylori *virulence factors* | strong ureolytic ability, sheathed flagella
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| Helicobacter pylori *epidemiology* | gastric or intestinal sites in mammalian host animals.
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| Helicobacter pylori *infections* | gastric, peptic. and duodenal ulcers as well as gastrointestinal carcinoma
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