Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
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| normal flora of the nasopharyngeal/oropharngeal | Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, other viridans sptreptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non group A β-hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pyogenes, nonhemolytic streptococci, Veillonella spp., Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium app.
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| primary pathogens of the respiratory tract | Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A β-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Legionella pneumophila, toxin-producing Corynebacterium diptheriae, Mycoplas
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| pharyngitis and causative agents | Children: Streptococcus pyogenes;
Adults: viruses
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| sinusitis and causative agents | most common: rhinovirus, Parainfluenza virus;
less common: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilis influenzae
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| epiglottitis and causative agents | most common: Stre[tococci, Staphylococci, H. influenzae type B;
less common: H parainfluenzae
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| pertussis and causative agents | most common: Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis;
less common: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella holmesii
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| bronchitis/bronchiolitis and causative agents | most common: respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza;
less common:Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis
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| influenza and causative agents | influenza A or B virus based off surface antigens
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| acute pneumonia and causative agents | RSV, influenza types A and B, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus
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| nosocomal pneumonia and causative agents | gran-negative bacilli, Stphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila
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| aspiration pneumonia and causative agents | mixed aerobes and sometimes anaerobes
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| empyema and causative agents | community acquired: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. anginosus, anaerobes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
health care-associated: gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes
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| tuberculosis and causative agents | Mycobacteria
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| other chronic pneumonias and causative agents | Mycobasterium tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus spp., Zygomycetes, Pneumocytis jirovecii
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| common respiratory pathogens in HIV infections | Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenae, Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocytis immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, influenza, Cytomegalovirus
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| Bioterrorism/repiratory infections | anthrax, pneumonic plague, and tularemia
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| Common pathogens of lower respiratory infections by age | neonates: Chlamydia trachonatis;
infants: RSV, influenza virus;
5-18mo: S. pneumoniae, H, influenzae;
3mo-19yr: viruses, S. aureus, M. pneumoniae;
18-45: M. pneumoniae;
older adults: S. pneumoniae, Legionalla spp.;
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